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Linux
Return to “Linux just sucks less”, Linux Terminal Server, Linux Admin, Microsoft Linux-Ubuntu-Debian-Linux Mint-Raspberry Pi OS, RHEL-Rocky Linux-CentOS-Fedora, Red Hat Certified System Administrator (RHCSA), Red Hat Certified Engineer (RHCE - Ansible), Tails, Linux Topics, Linux commands or Linux, apt - dnf - brew
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Linux is a free and open-source operating system (OS) kernel that serves as the foundation for a wide range of software distributions tailored to various user needs, including desktops, servers, and embedded systems. Initially created by Linus Torvalds in 1991, Linux has evolved into a global project supported by a community of developers and users. Its modular design allows for high customization and scalability, making it popular for both personal and enterprise use. Unlike proprietary operating systems, Linux is distributed under the GNU General Public License (GPL), ensuring that it remains freely available for anyone to use, modify, and distribute. Its reliability, security, and efficiency have made Linux a critical component in the infrastructure of the internet, powering the majority of web servers, cloud computing platforms, and even mobile devices via Android, which is based on the Linux kernel. The ecosystem around Linux, including a vast array of applications and utilities, continues to grow, reflecting its versatility and adaptability to changing technology and user requirements.
- Snippet from Wikipedia: Linux
Linux (, LIN-uuks) is a family of open source Unix-like operating systems based on the Linux kernel, an operating system kernel first released on September 17, 1991, by Linus Torvalds. Linux is typically packaged as a Linux distribution (distro), which includes the kernel and supporting system software and libraries—most of which are provided by third parties—to create a complete operating system, designed as a clone of Unix and released under the copyleft GPL license.
Thousands of Linux distributions exist, many based directly or indirectly on other distributions; popular Linux distributions include Debian, Fedora Linux, Linux Mint, Arch Linux, and Ubuntu, while commercial distributions include Red Hat Enterprise Linux, SUSE Linux Enterprise, and ChromeOS. Linux distributions are frequently used in server platforms. Many Linux distributions use the word "Linux" in their name, but the Free Software Foundation uses and recommends the name "GNU/Linux" to emphasize the use and importance of GNU software in many distributions, causing some controversy. Other than the Linux kernel, key components that make up a distribution may include a display server (windowing system), a package manager, a bootloader and a Unix shell.
Linux is one of the most prominent examples of free and open-source software collaboration. While originally developed for x86 based personal computers, it has since been ported to more platforms than any other operating system, and is used on a wide variety of devices including PCs, workstations, mainframes and embedded systems. Linux is the predominant operating system for servers and is also used on all of the world's 500 fastest supercomputers. When combined with Android, which is Linux-based and designed for smartphones, they have the largest installed base of all general-purpose operating systems.
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Linux, kernel, systemd, init, GRUB (GRand Unified Bootloader), initramfs, ext4 (Fourth Extended Filesystem), XFS, Btrfs (B-Tree File System), zram, zswap, cgroups (Control Groups), namespaces, selinux (Security-Enhanced Linux), AppArmor, iptables, nftables, firewalld, auditd, journald, syslog, logrotate, dmesg, udev, eBPF (Extended Berkeley Packet Filter), KVM (Kernel-based Virtual Machine), QEMU (Quick Emulator), VirtIO, LXC (Linux Containers), Docker, Podman, CRI-O, Kubernetes Integration, etcd, Linux Control Groups, LXD (Linux Daemon), Snap, Flatpak, AppImage, RPM (Red Hat Package Manager), dpkg (Debian Package Manager), APT (Advanced Package Tool), YUM (Yellowdog Updater, Modified), DNF (Dandified YUM), Pacman, Zypper, Portage, emerge, Nix, pkg-config, ldconfig, make, cmake, autoconf, automake, configure, GCC (GNU Compiler Collection), Clang, glibc (GNU C Library), musl, libstdc++, libc, binutils, GNU Coreutils, Bash (Bourne Again Shell), Zsh (Z Shell), Fish Shell, dash, sh, SSH (Secure Shell), sshd (SSH Daemon), scp (Secure Copy), rsync, SCP (Secure Copy Protocol), wget, curl, ftp, sftp, TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol), NFS (Network File System), CIFS (Common Internet File System), Samba, autofs, mount, umount, lsblk, blkid, parted, fdisk, gdisk, mkfs, fsck, tune2fs, xfs_repair, btrfs-progs, mdadm (Multiple Device Admin), RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks), LVM (Logical Volume Manager), thin provisioning, lvcreate, lvremove, vgcreate, vgremove, pvcreate, pvremove, multipath-tools, ISCSI (Internet Small Computer Systems Interface), nvme-cli, dm-crypt, cryptsetup, LUKS (Linux Unified Key Setup), dracut, GRUB Customizer, PXE (Preboot Execution Environment), tftpboot, Syslinux, LiveCD, LiveUSB, mkbootdisk, dd, cpio, tar, gzip, bzip2, xz, 7zip, zstd, rsyslog, sysctl, lsmod, modprobe, depmod, modinfo, insmod, rmmod, kmod, dkms (Dynamic Kernel Module Support), kernel tuning, kernel headers, kernel modules, patch, diff, strace, ltrace, ptrace, perf, htop, top, iotop, atop, vmstat, mpstat, sar, dstat, iostat, uptime, free, df, du, ps, pidstat, nice, renice, kill, pkill, killall, jobs, bg, fg, wait, nohup, screen, tmux, cron, crontab, at, anacron, systemctl, service, chkconfig, rc-update, update-rc.d, ntpd (Network Time Protocol Daemon), chronyd, hwclock, timedatectl, ntpdate, ufw (Uncomplicated Firewall), iptables-save, iptables-restore, fail2ban, denyhosts, tcp_wrappers, libcap, setcap, getcap, auditctl, ausearch, kernel parameters, boot parameters, sysfs, procfs, debugfs, tmpfs, ramfs, overlayfs, aufs, bind mounts, chroot, pivot_root, overlay2, network namespaces, bridge-utils, iproute2, ip, ifconfig, route, netstat, ss, arp, ping, traceroute, mtr, tcpdump, ngrep, nmap, arp-scan, ethtool, iwconfig, iw, wpa_supplicant, hostapd, dnsmasq, networkmanager, nmcli, nmtui, system-config-network, dhclient, dhcpd, isc-dhcp-server, bind9, named, unbound, nslookup, dig, resolvconf, iptables, nftables, firewalld, conntrack, ipset, snort, suricata, tcp_wrappers, rkhunter, chkrootkit, clamav, lynis, openvpn, strongswan, libreswan, openconnect, network namespaces, virtual ethernet, veth, tap interfaces, tun interfaces, vlan, bridge, brctl, ovs-vsctl, openvswitch, macvlan, ipvlan, bonding, teamd, network teaming, multipath, multipath-tools, route tables, ip rule, ip route, policy routing, qos, tc (Traffic Control), htb, fq_codel, cake, iptables NAT, iptables MASQUERADE, squid, socks5, privoxy, tor, iptables DNAT, iptables SNAT, iptables REDIRECT, conntrack, stateful firewall, stateless firewall, tcp_window_scaling, tcp_timestamps, tcp_sack, tcp_rmem, tcp_wmem, tcp_no_metrics_save, tcp_ecn, netem, ip6tables, ipset, ebtables, arptables, bridge-nf, br_netfilter, openvswitch, gre tunnels, ipip tunnels, vxlan, gretap, macsec, macvlan, ipvlan, wireguard, strongswan, libreswan, xfrm, ipsec, isakmpd, racoon, openswan, ikev2, ikev1, vpn tunnels, gre tunnels, vxlan tunnels, fou tunnels, ipip tunnels.
Linux Core Utilities commands - GNU Core Utilities command-line interface programs
This list should really only include standard universal commands that come with GNU Core Utilities.
- tac
This should really only include standard universal commands that come with all Linux distributions adhering to the Single UNIX Specification.
Really this is “Unix programs”, since there are no commands in Unix, they are programs except for shell builtins.
Unix command-line interface programs and shell builtins:
Unix user environment commands:
[[env]]
Unix text processing commands:
[[alias (command) ]] | [[ alias]]
Note: Networking is not part of SUS
Unix network utility commands:
Unix software development commands: Note: There are a huge number of Linux software development tools / Unix software development tools; this list should be restricted to ones that are standardized as part of Unix, i.e., those marked SD, CD], or FD (http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/help/codes.html) within the Unix/POSIX specifications
See also
References
Linux Commands (ls, cd, pwd, cp, mv, rm, mkdir, rmdir, touch, cat, less, head, tail, grep, find, chmod, chown, chgrp, tar, gzip, gunzip, df, du, ps, top, kill, man, ssh, scp, rsync, vim, nano, sed, awk, ping, ifconfig, netstat, route, traceroute, dig), Linux Fundamentals, Linux Inventor: Linus Torvalds says “Linux sucks | Linux just sucks less.”, Linux Best Practices - Linux Anti-Patterns, Linux kernel, Linux commands-Linux Shells-Linux CLI-GNU-Linux GUI-X11, Linux DevOps-Linux development-Linux system programming-Bash-zsh-Linux API, Linux package managers, Linux configuration management (Ansible on Linux, Chef on Linux, Puppet on Linux, PowerShell on Linux), Linux Distros (RHEL-Rocky Linux-CentOS (CentOS Stream)-Oracle Linux-Fedora, Ubuntu-Debian-Linux Mint-Raspberry Pi OS-Kali Linux-Tails, openSUSE - SUSE Linux Enterprise Server (SLES), Arch Linux-Manjaro Linux, Alpine Linux-BusyBox - Slackware - Android-Chrome OS); UNIX-UNIX Distros (FreeBSD-OpenBSD, BSD, macOS), Linux networking, Linux storage, Linux secrets, Linux security (Linux IAM-LDAP-Linux Firewall-Linux Proxy), Linux docs, Linux GitHub, Linux Containers, Linux VM, Linux on AWS, Linux on Azure, Linux on GCP, Linux on Windows (WSL), Linux on IBM, Linux on Mainframe (Linux on IBM Z mainframe - Linux for System z - IBM LinuxONE), Embedded Linux, Linus IoT-Linux on Raspberry Pi, LinuxOps-Linux sysadmin, systemd-userland-kernel space-POSIX-SUS-Linux filesystem-Linux architecture, Linux books-UNIX books, Linux courses, Linux Foundation, Linux history, Linux philosophy, Linux adoption, Linux Glossary - Glossaire de Linux - French, Linux topics (navbar_linux and navbar_unix - see also navbar_fedora, navbar_rhel, navbar_centos, navbar_debian, navbar_ubuntu, navbar_linux_mint, navbar_freebsd, navbar_opensuse, navbar_manjaro, navbar_kali_linux, navbar_nixos, navbar_alpine_linux, navbar_tails_linux, navbar_slackware, navbar_rocky_linux, navbar_arch_linux, navbar_oracle_linux)
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