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CompTIA Linux+ XK0-005 Cert Guide by Ross Brunson, December 2023

Give me 10 more terms. Do not repeat yourself.

Kernel: The Linux kernel is the core part of the Linux operating system, responsible for managing hardware resources, system calls, and overall system functionality. It provides an interface between the hardware and the applications running on the system. The Linux kernel is monolithic, meaning it runs in a single memory space but can dynamically load modules to extend its capabilities. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_kernel.

Bash: Bash (Bourne Again Shell) is one of the most widely used shell environments in Linux. It provides a command-line interface for users to interact with the system by executing commands and running scripts. Bash also supports environment variables, loops, conditionals, and other programming constructs, making it a powerful tool for system administrators. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bash_(Unix_shell).

Process ID (PID): A Process ID is a unique identifier assigned by the Linux kernel to each running process. The PID allows the system to keep track of all active processes and manage their execution. Processes can be manipulated using commands like `kill`, `ps`, and `top`. The PID of the first process started by the kernel during boot is always 1, which is the init process. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_identifier.

Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS): The Filesystem Hierarchy Standard defines the directory structure and directory contents in Linux and other Unix-like operating systems. It ensures consistency across systems, helping users and applications navigate the file system predictably. Key directories include `/home` for user files, `/etc` for configuration files, and `/var` for variable data. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filesystem_Hierarchy_Standard.

Iptables: Iptables is a user-space utility program that allows a system administrator to configure the Linux kernel's built-in firewall, known as Netfilter. It is used to manage network packet filtering rules, enabling the system to block, allow, or modify incoming and outgoing network traffic. Iptables works by defining chains and rules that the system uses to evaluate and handle packets. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iptables.

Swap Space: Swap space in Linux refers to a dedicated portion of the hard drive used to temporarily hold data that cannot fit into physical memory (RAM). When the system’s RAM is full, inactive pages of memory are moved to the swap space, allowing the system to continue running smoothly without running out of memory. Swap space is essential for systems with limited RAM and can be configured as a dedicated partition or as a swap file. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paging.

Cron: Cron is a time-based job scheduler in Linux that allows users to schedule scripts or commands to run automatically at specific intervals (e.g., daily, weekly, or monthly). It is commonly used for automating system maintenance, backups, and other repetitive tasks. Users define their schedules in a configuration file called a crontab. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cron.

Inode: An inode is a data structure used by the Linux file system to store metadata about files and directories. This metadata includes file permissions, ownership, timestamps, and the location of the file’s data blocks on disk. Each file in a Linux file system has an associated inode, and inodes are crucial for efficient file system operation. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inode.

Sudo: Sudo (Superuser Do) is a program for Linux and other Unix-like systems that allows users to execute commands with elevated privileges, typically as the superuser (root). It is commonly used by system administrators to perform tasks that require root access without logging in as the root user directly. Sudo also allows for fine-grained control over which users can execute which commands with elevated privileges. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudo.

Grub: GRUB (Grand Unified Bootloader) is the default bootloader for most Linux distributions. It is responsible for loading the Linux kernel and initializing the operating system when the computer boots up. GRUB supports multiple operating systems, allowing users to choose which operating system to boot into when they power on their machine. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_GRUB.

SSH: SSH (Secure Shell) is a cryptographic network protocol used to securely connect to remote systems over an unsecured network. It provides encrypted communications and is commonly used for remote administration of Linux servers. SSH replaces older, insecure protocols like Telnet and supports key-based authentication, tunneling, and secure file transfers. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_Shell.

Systemd: Systemd is an init system and system manager used in many modern Linux distributions. It is responsible for initializing the system during boot, managing services, and handling system processes. Systemd introduces concepts like service units and parallel service startup, improving system boot times. It has largely replaced older init systems like SysVinit in many distributions. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemd.

SELinux: SELinux (Security-Enhanced Linux) is a security module integrated into the Linux kernel that enforces mandatory access controls (MAC). It adds an additional layer of security by defining policies that control which processes and users can access which files, even if they have the necessary permissions. SELinux is commonly used in security-sensitive environments to mitigate potential vulnerabilities. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security-Enhanced_Linux.

Grep: Grep is a powerful text search utility in Linux that searches through files or outputs to find lines that match a given pattern. Grep is commonly used to filter results from other commands or to search for specific data within log files and scripts. It supports regular expressions and various options to refine search results. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grep.

Nginx: Nginx is a high-performance web server and reverse proxy used to handle web traffic efficiently. It can serve static content, proxy requests to application servers, and act as a load balancer. Nginx is often used in conjunction with Apache or as a replacement for it, especially in high-traffic environments. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nginx.

LVM: LVM (Logical Volume Manager) is a disk management tool in Linux that allows users to create, resize, and manage logical volumes across multiple physical storage devices. It abstracts the physical storage devices into a virtual pool of storage, making it easier to manage disk space and partitions. LVM is commonly used in server environments where dynamic resizing of disk space is required. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_Volume_Manager_(Linux).

Chroot: Chroot is a Linux utility that changes the apparent root directory for a running process and its children. This is often used to create a sandboxed environment, isolating the process from the rest of the system. Chroot is commonly used for testing or repairing systems by running processes in a restricted environment. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chroot.

XFS: XFS is a high-performance file system used in Linux systems, especially for large-scale storage environments. Known for its scalability and robustness, XFS supports large files and volumes and includes advanced features like snapshots and journaling. It is commonly used in enterprise systems requiring high throughput and reliability. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XFS.

Cronjob: A cronjob is a scheduled task in Linux that runs at specific intervals, managed by the cron daemon. Cronjobs are defined in the crontab file and can be used to automate repetitive tasks like backups, system maintenance, and script execution. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cron.

TTY: TTY (Teletypewriter) refers to a terminal interface in Linux. Historically, TTYs were physical devices, but in modern systems, they represent virtual terminal sessions. The Linux kernel manages multiple virtual TTYs, allowing users to switch between different terminal sessions using keyboard shortcuts like `Ctrl+Alt+F1` to `Ctrl+Alt+F6`. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tty_(Unix).

Sysctl: Sysctl is a utility in Linux used to modify kernel parameters at runtime. It allows system administrators to configure kernel behavior by adjusting settings related to networking, file systems, process management, and more. These parameters are stored in `/proc/sys/`, and sysctl can be used to view or change them without rebooting the system. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sysctl.

Initrd: Initrd (Initial RAM Disk) is a temporary root file system loaded into memory during the Linux boot process. It contains the necessary drivers and scripts required to mount the real root file system. Initrd is used to initialize the system hardware before the kernel hands control to the actual root file system. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initrd.

UUID: UUID (Universally Unique Identifier) is a 128-bit label used to uniquely identify information in Linux systems, such as partitions or filesystems. UUIDs are commonly used in fstab entries to ensure that devices are consistently mounted, even if their device names change. This provides a more reliable way to reference disks and partitions. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universally_unique_identifier.

Debian Package (DEB): A DEB file is the package format used by the Debian operating system and its derivatives like Ubuntu. It contains the software and metadata needed for installation, including dependencies, version information, and configuration files. Packages can be managed with tools like `apt` or `dpkg` to install, update, or remove software. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deb_(file_format).

Cgroups: Cgroups (Control Groups) is a Linux kernel feature that limits, isolates, and manages the resource usage (like CPU, memory, and I/O) of processes or groups of processes. Cgroups are essential in container technologies like Docker and Kubernetes, where resources need to be tightly controlled and allocated to individual containers. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cgroups.

Fstab: Fstab (File Systems Table) is a configuration file in Linux that contains information about file systems and their mount points. The system uses this file to automatically mount specified file systems at boot time. Entries in fstab include details like the device name or UUID, the mount point, and the mount options. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fstab.

SCP: SCP (Secure Copy Protocol) is a command-line utility that allows secure file transfers between Linux systems over SSH. SCP ensures that data is encrypted during the transfer, making it a secure alternative to older file transfer protocols like FTP. It is commonly used for copying files between local and remote systems. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_copy.

RPM: RPM (Red Hat Package Manager) is a package management system used by distributions like Red Hat Enterprise Linux and Fedora. RPM files contain software packages and metadata necessary for installation. The `rpm` command is used to install, update, or remove packages, and it helps manage dependencies between different software components. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_Package_Manager.

TTY Multiplexing: TTY multiplexing refers to the ability of Linux systems to manage multiple terminal sessions through tools like screen or tmux. These tools allow users to run multiple terminal sessions within a single TTY interface, switch between them, and keep sessions running even after disconnecting from a system. This is particularly useful for remote management. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tmux.

Udev: Udev is a device manager for the Linux kernel that dynamically creates and removes device nodes in the `/dev/` directory as hardware is added or removed. Udev handles the detection of devices and assigns them appropriate device files and permissions. It is essential for managing hardware in modern Linux systems, especially in environments with frequently changing devices like USB peripherals. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udev.

SSH Key: An SSH key is a cryptographic key used for authenticating users in SSH sessions. It consists of a private key (kept secret) and a public key (shared with servers). When configured, SSH keys allow users to log into remote systems without a password, enhancing security by replacing password-based authentication with key-based authentication. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_Shell#Key_management.

ZFS: ZFS (Zettabyte File System) is a high-performance file system and logical volume manager designed to handle large amounts of data. Known for its scalability, reliability, and advanced features like snapshots, checksumming, and dynamic disk striping, ZFS is often used in enterprise environments and for data storage. ZFS also offers integrated data compression and error correction. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZFS.

Diff: Diff is a utility in Linux used to compare two files line by line. It displays the differences between them, showing which lines have been added, deleted, or changed. Diff is commonly used in version control systems, debugging, and code reviews to highlight changes between file versions. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diff.

Kernel Panic: A kernel panic occurs when the Linux kernel encounters a critical error from which it cannot recover. This usually results in a system crash, and a diagnostic message is displayed on the console. Kernel panics can be caused by hardware failures, corrupt drivers, or critical system misconfigurations. They are similar to the blue screen of death on Windows systems. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_panic.

Swapiness: Swappiness is a Linux kernel parameter that controls the tendency of the system to move data from RAM to swap space. It is represented by a value between 0 and 100, where a lower value reduces the use of swap and a higher value makes the kernel more likely to use swap space. Adjusting swappiness can optimize system performance based on workload. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swapping_(computer_science).

XFCE: XFCE is a lightweight desktop environment for Linux that is designed to be fast and use minimal system resources. It is popular for use on older hardware or in systems where performance is critical. Despite its small footprint, XFCE provides a full-featured graphical user interface with customizable panels, windows, and a file manager. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xfce.

Yum: Yum (Yellowdog Updater, Modified) is a package management utility for Linux distributions that use the RPM package format, such as CentOS and Fedora. It simplifies the installation, updating, and removal of software by automatically resolving and managing package dependencies. Yum is a successor to the older `up2date` tool and has since been replaced by `dnf` in some distributions. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yum_(software).

Inotify: Inotify is a Linux kernel subsystem that monitors file system events, such as modifications, deletions, or access to files and directories. It is commonly used by applications and system monitoring tools to detect real-time changes in the file system. Inotify is more efficient than traditional polling methods for file change detection. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inotify.

Runlevel: A runlevel is a mode of operation in Linux systems that defines what services or processes are running. Traditional Linux systems use runlevels to manage system states, such as shutdown, single-user mode, or multi-user mode. Modern Linux systems with systemd use “targets” instead of runlevels to handle different operational states. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runlevel.

CUPS: CUPS (Common UNIX Printing System) is a modular printing system used in Linux and other Unix-like operating systems to manage print jobs and printers. It allows computers to act as print servers, handling local and networked printers. CUPS supports multiple printing protocols and integrates with various printer drivers to facilitate printing across a wide range of devices. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CUPS.

Btrfs: Btrfs (B-tree File System) is a modern copy-on-write file system designed for high capacity, fault tolerance, and scalability in Linux systems. It supports advanced features like snapshots, subvolumes, and dynamic disk management. Btrfs is often used in environments where data integrity and easy management of large data sets are critical. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Btrfs.

Samba: Samba is a free software implementation of the SMB/CIFS networking protocol, which allows Linux and other Unix-like systems to share files and printers with Windows systems. It enables seamless integration of Linux systems into Windows networks by allowing them to act as file and print servers. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samba_(software).

KVM: KVM (Kernel-based Virtual Machine) is a virtualization module in the Linux kernel that allows the operating system to function as a hypervisor. It supports the creation and management of virtual machines and is widely used in data centers for running multiple operating systems on a single physical server. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel-based_Virtual_Machine.

AWK: AWK is a powerful text-processing language and command-line utility in Linux. It is used to manipulate and analyze data from text files or command output. AWK is particularly useful for pattern matching, data extraction, and formatting reports, and is often used in shell scripts to automate data processing tasks. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AWK.

Strace: Strace is a diagnostic and debugging tool for Linux that tracks system calls made by a process. It helps users analyze how a program interacts with the Linux kernel by providing detailed logs of the system calls and signals received by the process. Strace is commonly used to debug application behavior and identify performance bottlenecks. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strace.

Ecryptfs: Ecryptfs (Enterprise Cryptographic File System) is a stacked cryptographic file system in Linux that provides encryption at the file level. It allows users to securely store data by encrypting files and directories on the fly. Ecryptfs is often used in environments where data security is crucial, such as on laptops or shared storage. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECryptfs.

GRSEC: GRSEC (Grsecurity) is a set of security patches for the Linux kernel designed to enhance system security by implementing additional protections against attacks. It provides features such as access control, process restrictions, and exploit mitigation techniques, making it popular in high-security environments. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grsecurity.

FUSE: FUSE (Filesystem in Userspace) allows users to create and manage file systems in Linux at the user level, without modifying kernel code. It enables the mounting of custom file systems that can handle virtual file systems, cloud storage, or network-based storage. FUSE is commonly used in cloud storage applications and other non-standard file systems. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filesystem_in_Userspace.

Xen: Xen is an open-source hypervisor that allows multiple operating systems to run on the same physical hardware simultaneously. It is widely used in cloud computing environments and data centers for virtual machine management. Xen supports both full virtualization and paravirtualization, offering flexibility in how operating systems are run on virtual machines. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xen.

Inittab: Inittab is a configuration file used in traditional SysVinit systems to define the system's runlevels and what processes to start, stop, or respawn during boot and shutdown. It plays a key role in initializing the system's multi-user environment. Modern Linux systems using systemd no longer rely on inittab, but it remains a key concept in older Linux distributions. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inittab.

Firewalld: Firewalld is a dynamic firewall management tool in Linux that provides a flexible way to manage incoming and outgoing traffic rules. Unlike iptables, Firewalld offers a daemon-driven approach that allows administrators to apply rules without restarting the firewall. It supports zones and services, making it easier to manage network security dynamically. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firewalld.

Vim: Vim (Vi Improved) is a highly configurable text editor used in Linux and other Unix-like systems. It is an enhanced version of the classic Vi editor, adding features like syntax highlighting, code folding, and a wide range of plug-ins. Vim is favored by developers and administrators for its efficiency and powerful editing capabilities. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vim_(text_editor).

Journald: Journald is a component of the systemd system and service manager in Linux, responsible for logging system events. It collects logs from various system components, including the kernel, services, and user applications, and stores them in a centralized location. Journald offers advanced features like structured logging and log rotation. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemd#Journal.

MPSTAT: Mpstat is a performance monitoring tool used in Linux to report statistics about CPU usage. It provides detailed reports on individual CPU cores, including information on idle time, user time, and system time. Mpstat is helpful for diagnosing CPU bottlenecks and optimizing performance in multi-core environments. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sysstat.

Libc: Libc is the standard C library in Linux that provides essential system functions, including file handling, memory management, and process control. It acts as an interface between user programs and the Linux kernel, allowing programs written in C to interact with the operating system. The most common implementation of libc in Linux is the GNU C Library (glibc). More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_C_Library.

Auditd: Auditd is a security auditing daemon in Linux that tracks and records system activities. It logs events related to user activity, file access, and system calls, allowing administrators to monitor the system for suspicious behavior or policy violations. Auditd is commonly used in security-sensitive environments for compliance and forensic analysis. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_audit.

Pacman: Pacman is the package manager used in Arch Linux and its derivatives. It is responsible for installing, updating, and removing software packages from the system. Pacman resolves dependencies automatically and maintains a lightweight and efficient system by keeping track of packages with its package database. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacman_(package_manager).

Parted: Parted is a disk partitioning tool in Linux used to create, resize, and manage partitions on hard drives. It supports a variety of partition table formats, including MBR and GPT. Parted is often used in conjunction with GParted, a graphical front-end for partition management. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Parted.

Flock: Flock is a command in Linux used to manage file locking. It ensures that multiple processes do not access or modify a file simultaneously, preventing data corruption. Flock can be used in scripts to synchronize access to shared resources, such as configuration files or databases. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_locking.

RunC: RunC is a lightweight runtime that implements the Open Container Initiative (OCI) standard, enabling the creation and management of containers in Linux. It is the low-level component behind many container platforms, such as Docker, and allows containers to be run according to industry standards. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runc.

Zypper: Zypper is the package manager for openSUSE and SUSE Linux Enterprise. It handles installing, updating, and removing software packages, resolving dependencies, and managing software repositories. Zypper also offers powerful search capabilities and can be used to manage both RPM packages and repositories efficiently. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zypper.

SSHFS: SSHFS (SSH File System) is a file system client based on the SSH protocol. It allows users to mount remote directories over SSH as if they were local file systems, providing secure, encrypted access to files on remote systems. SSHFS is commonly used for remote file management and file transfer in secure environments. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSHFS.

LD_PRELOAD: LD_PRELOAD is an environment variable in Linux that specifies additional shared libraries to load before others when executing a program. It is often used for debugging or overriding functions in existing libraries without modifying the original application. By using LD_PRELOAD, users can influence the behavior of dynamically linked executables. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LD_PRELOAD.

CUPS-PDF: CUPS-PDF is a Linux printer driver that allows users to “print” documents to PDF format instead of sending them to a physical printer. It integrates with the CUPS printing system, offering a virtual PDF printer that generates PDFs from any application that supports printing. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CUPS-PDF.

Pipe: A pipe in Linux is a mechanism for passing the output of one command as the input to another command. Using the `|` symbol, a pipe connects the standard output of one process to the standard input of another, allowing for powerful combinations of commands in the Linux command line. Pipes are a core concept in Linux shell scripting and data processing. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipeline_(Unix).

Rsyslog: Rsyslog is an open-source logging utility in Linux that can collect, filter, and forward log messages. It supports logging to various destinations, including files, databases, and remote log servers. Rsyslog is highly configurable and can handle large volumes of log data efficiently, making it ideal for centralized log management. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rsyslog.

Uname: Uname is a command in Linux that displays system information, such as the kernel version, machine hardware name, and operating system. It is commonly used to check the running kernel version (`uname -r`) or display full system information (`uname -a`). Uname provides a simple way to verify system details. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uname.

TTYD: TTYD is a web-based tool that allows remote access to a Linux terminal through a web browser. It runs a TTY session over the web, enabling users to control a Linux system from anywhere with just a browser and an internet connection. TTYD is often used for remote system management and provides a lightweight alternative to traditional SSH access. More information can be found here: https://github.com/tsl0922/ttyd.

Auditctl: Auditctl is a tool in Linux for controlling and managing the auditd service. It allows system administrators to configure audit rules that specify which events should be monitored and logged, such as file access or system calls. Auditctl is commonly used in security auditing to ensure compliance and detect unauthorized activity. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_audit.

Mount: Mount is a Linux command used to attach file systems to directories in the root directory tree. It makes file systems accessible to the system, allowing users to interact with the files and directories on different storage devices. The `mount` command is essential for accessing partitions, network shares, and external storage. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_(Unix).

Dm-crypt: Dm-crypt is a Linux kernel feature that provides transparent disk encryption. It works at the block device layer, encrypting entire partitions or volumes. Dm-crypt is often used in conjunction with LUKS (Linux Unified Key Setup) to provide disk encryption with strong security measures, ensuring data privacy and integrity. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dm-crypt.

Traceroute: Traceroute is a network diagnostic tool in Linux used to track the path that packets take from the source to the destination across an IP network. It displays each hop along the route and the response time, helping identify network delays or connectivity issues. Traceroute is commonly used for troubleshooting network problems. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traceroute.

X11: X11 (X Window System) is a graphical windowing system that provides the foundational framework for graphical user interfaces (GUIs) on Linux and other Unix-like systems. It handles tasks such as displaying windows, managing input devices, and interacting with applications that require a graphical interface. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_Window_System.

Modprobe: Modprobe is a Linux command-line utility used to load or unload kernel modules. It automatically resolves dependencies and ensures that required modules are loaded in the correct order. Modprobe is essential for managing hardware drivers, network drivers, and other kernel extensions dynamically. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modprobe.

DU: DU (Disk Usage) is a command in Linux used to estimate the space used by files and directories. It provides a summary of disk usage for specified files or directories and is often used to check which directories or files are consuming the most storage. DU helps in disk space management and monitoring. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du_(Unix).

GCC: GCC (GNU Compiler Collection) is a suite of compilers for various programming languages, including C, C++, and Fortran, widely used in Linux for software development. It provides tools for compiling source code into executable programs and supports various architectures and platforms. GCC is essential for compiling software in Linux environments. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Compiler_Collection.

GPG: GPG (GNU Privacy Guard) is an encryption tool in Linux used to encrypt, decrypt, and sign files and messages. It uses public-key cryptography to ensure data security and authenticity. GPG is often used for securing emails, files, and communication in open-source environments. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Privacy_Guard.

PAM: PAM (Pluggable Authentication Modules) is a framework used in Linux to manage authentication tasks. It provides a set of libraries that handle user authentication and integrates with various system applications to authenticate users, check password strength, and enforce security policies. PAM allows for flexible authentication methods. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluggable_Authentication_Modules.

Screen: Screen is a terminal multiplexer in Linux that allows users to run multiple terminal sessions within a single TTY. It keeps sessions running in the background, even if the user disconnects, making it useful for managing long-running processes remotely. Users can reconnect to their sessions later. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Screen.

Ncurses: Ncurses is a programming library in Linux that provides an API for building text-based user interfaces in a terminal. It allows developers to create applications with menus, forms, and other interactive elements that work within a terminal window. Ncurses is commonly used in system management tools and command-line applications. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ncurses.

AppArmor: AppArmor (Application Armor) is a Linux security module that enforces mandatory access control (MAC) policies on individual programs. It uses profiles to restrict the capabilities of specific applications, reducing the risk of exploitation. AppArmor is often used to isolate applications from sensitive system resources, enhancing system security. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AppArmor.

Alpine Linux: Alpine Linux is a lightweight Linux distribution designed for security and resource efficiency. It uses musl as its C standard library and BusyBox for most utilities, making it small and fast. Alpine Linux is commonly used in containerized environments like Docker due to its minimal footprint. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_Linux.

Epoll: Epoll is an advanced I/O event notification mechanism in Linux that is more scalable than traditional polling or select. It allows the kernel to efficiently manage a large number of file descriptors and is widely used in high-performance network applications. Epoll is essential for applications that handle many simultaneous connections, like web servers. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoll.

SNMP: SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) is a standard protocol used to monitor and manage network devices like routers, switches, and servers. SNMP allows administrators to gather statistics, configure settings, and monitor performance remotely. It is commonly used in Linux environments for network management and monitoring. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Network_Management_Protocol.

GRUB2: GRUB2 is the second version of the GNU GRUB (Grand Unified Bootloader) bootloader used by most Linux distributions. It is responsible for loading the Linux kernel and initial boot configuration. GRUB2 supports complex boot scenarios, including multiple operating systems, encrypted partitions, and custom scripts. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_GRUB.

CMake: CMake is an open-source build system generator that manages the build process of software using platform- and compiler-independent configuration files. It generates build files that can be used by compilers like GCC or Clang in Linux environments. CMake is widely used in cross-platform development projects. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMake.

SysRq: SysRq (System Request) is a key combination in Linux that triggers low-level system commands, often used for debugging or recovering a system during a crash. When enabled, the SysRq key allows users to perform actions such as killing processes, rebooting the system, or syncing filesystems even when the system is unresponsive. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_SysRq_key.

DKMS: DKMS (Dynamic Kernel Module Support) is a system in Linux that automatically rebuilds kernel modules when the kernel is updated. It is used to ensure that custom or third-party drivers, such as graphics or network drivers, continue to function after a kernel upgrade. DKMS simplifies the process of managing kernel module compatibility. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_Kernel_Module_Support.

Top: Top is a command-line utility in Linux that provides real-time information about system processes, including CPU and memory usage. It displays active processes sorted by resource usage and allows administrators to monitor system performance and identify bottlenecks. Top is commonly used for system diagnostics and performance tuning. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_(software).

XDMCP: XDMCP (X Display Manager Control Protocol) is a protocol used in Linux and other Unix-like systems to manage remote graphical login sessions. It allows users to remotely access graphical desktop environments over a network. XDMCP is often used in enterprise environments to provide centralized access to graphical sessions from thin clients or remote systems. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_Display_Manager_Control_Protocol.

ETHTOOL: ETHTOOL is a command-line utility in Linux used to configure and troubleshoot network interface cards (NICs). It provides information about network device settings and allows users to modify parameters such as speed, duplex mode, and auto-negotiation. ETHTOOL is essential for managing and optimizing network performance in Linux systems. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethtool.

NUMA: NUMA (Non-Uniform Memory Access) is a memory architecture used in modern multiprocessor systems where memory access time depends on the memory's location relative to the processor. Linux includes NUMA support to optimize memory allocation and improve performance on multi-core and multi-processor systems. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-uniform_memory_access.

Perf: Perf is a performance analysis tool in Linux used to profile and monitor various system events, including CPU cycles, cache accesses, and branch mispredictions. It helps developers and system administrators identify performance bottlenecks and optimize software and hardware usage. Perf is commonly used in low-level performance tuning. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perf_(Linux).

SystemTap: SystemTap is a dynamic tracing tool in Linux that allows administrators and developers to monitor the performance and behavior of the system in real-time. It enables tracing of kernel activity and user-space applications without modifying the source code. SystemTap is used for diagnosing performance issues and identifying bugs. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SystemTap.

OpenRC: OpenRC is a dependency-based init system used in Linux distributions like Gentoo and Alpine Linux. It provides a simple, lightweight framework for managing services and their dependencies. OpenRC is often used as an alternative to systemd in environments where a more minimal init system is preferred. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenRC.

Swap Partition: A swap partition is a dedicated section of a hard drive or SSD used by Linux for virtual memory when the system runs out of physical RAM. The system moves inactive data from RAM to the swap partition, allowing it to free up memory for active processes. Swap is essential for preventing memory exhaustion, especially on systems with limited RAM. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paging.

OverlayFS: OverlayFS is a union file system in Linux that allows multiple file systems to be merged into a single mount point. It is commonly used in container environments, like Docker, to create layered file systems where changes can be made to the top layer without affecting the underlying layers. OverlayFS is efficient and widely used for live system updates. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OverlayFS.

Tmpfs: Tmpfs is a temporary file system in Linux that stores data in volatile memory (RAM) rather than on disk. Files in a tmpfs file system exist only in RAM and are lost when the system is rebooted. Tmpfs is commonly used for storing temporary files that do not need to persist between reboots, providing faster access than traditional disk-based storage. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tmpfs.

RTFM: RTFM (Read the Fine Manual) is a humorous and sometimes terse phrase used in the Linux and open-source communities to encourage users to consult the documentation before asking for help. It emphasizes the importance of self-learning and understanding available resources when troubleshooting or learning about new tools. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RTFM.

Aptitude: Aptitude is a command-line package management tool in Debian and Ubuntu that provides an alternative to apt. It includes a text-based user interface and advanced features for managing dependencies, resolving conflicts, and keeping track of installed packages. Aptitude is known for its ability to offer multiple solutions when resolving complex package installation issues. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aptitude_(software).

I3: I3 is a tiling window manager for Linux and other Unix-like systems. It organizes application windows in a grid without overlapping them, allowing users to efficiently manage screen space and switch between applications using keyboard shortcuts. I3 is popular among users who prefer minimalistic and highly customizable desktop environments. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I3_(window_manager).

Bash Completion: Bash Completion is a feature in the Bash shell that provides suggestions and auto-completion for commands, file names, and arguments. It enhances the user experience by reducing typing effort and helping users avoid mistakes by offering context-sensitive completion based on the command entered. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bash_(Unix_shell)#Command_completion.

Cgroups v2: Cgroups v2 (Control Groups version 2) is an updated version of the Linux kernel's cgroups feature, which is used to control and limit resource usage by processes. Cgroups v2 simplifies the resource management hierarchy and introduces new controllers for more efficient resource allocation. It is widely used in containerized environments to limit CPU, memory, and I/O usage for containers. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cgroups.

Tails: Tails (The Amnesic Incognito Live System) is a Linux distribution focused on privacy and security. It is designed to be run from a USB drive or DVD and leaves no trace on the host machine after use. Tails routes all internet traffic through the Tor network, ensuring anonymous browsing and communication. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tails_(operating_system).

Coredump: A coredump is a file generated when a program crashes in Linux. It contains a snapshot of the program’s memory at the time of the crash, which can be analyzed to identify the cause of the failure. Developers use coredumps in debugging to trace and resolve bugs in the code. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_dump.

Xinput: Xinput is a utility in Linux that configures and tests input devices such as mice, keyboards, and touchpads under the X Window System. It allows users to change device properties, calibrate settings, and manage multi-touch gestures. Xinput is especially useful for fine-tuning the behavior of input devices. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_input_extension.

UFW: UFW (Uncomplicated Firewall) is a user-friendly front-end for iptables, designed to simplify the process of configuring a Linux firewall. It allows users to easily manage incoming and outgoing network traffic using simple command-line commands. UFW is commonly used on desktop and server Linux systems for securing network connections. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncomplicated_Firewall.

ZRAM: ZRAM is a feature in the Linux kernel that provides compressed block storage in RAM, which can be used for swap space or as a temporary file system. By compressing data in memory, ZRAM improves system performance and reduces the need for slower disk-based swap space. It is especially useful on systems with limited RAM or for running memory-intensive applications. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zram.

XRDP: XRDP is an open-source implementation of the Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) for Linux systems. It allows users to access a Linux desktop environment from remote machines using RDP clients, such as those available on Windows. XRDP enables remote graphical login sessions over the network. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xrdp.

Debconf: Debconf is a configuration management system used by Debian and its derivatives, like Ubuntu, to handle package configuration questions during software installation. It provides a consistent interface for configuring packages by asking users a series of questions and storing their responses for future reference. Debconf simplifies the installation process by automating configuration tasks. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debconf.

Clang: Clang is a compiler front end for the C, C++, and Objective-C programming languages. It is part of the LLVM project and is known for its fast compilation, helpful error messages, and modular design. Clang is widely used in Linux and other open-source projects as an alternative to GCC. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clang.

LightDM: LightDM is a display manager for Linux systems that manages graphical user logins. It is lightweight, fast, and highly customizable, making it a popular choice for desktop environments such as XFCE and Lubuntu. LightDM allows users to log into their desktop environments from a graphical interface. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LightDM.

Coredump: A coredump is a file that captures the memory contents of a program when it crashes. In Linux, coredumps are used for debugging purposes, allowing developers to analyze the state of the program at the time of failure. This helps in identifying bugs and fixing software crashes. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_dump.

Dracut: Dracut is an initramfs generator used in modern Linux distributions. It creates a minimal root file system, allowing the system to boot and mount the real root file system. Dracut is modular and designed to handle different hardware and file systems, ensuring that the system can boot properly. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dracut_(software).

SquashFS: SquashFS is a compressed read-only file system for Linux. It is used to minimize disk space usage by compressing files, while still allowing them to be accessed. SquashFS is commonly used in live distributions, embedded systems, and read-only media, like CDs or USB drives. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SquashFS.

Flatpak: Flatpak is a software utility for deploying, managing, and sandboxing applications on Linux. It allows applications to be packaged in a distribution-independent format, ensuring that they can run on different Linux distributions without modification. Flatpak also isolates applications from the system for security. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatpak.

Zypper: Zypper is a command-line package manager for openSUSE and SUSE Linux Enterprise that handles installing, updating, and removing packages. It is known for its robust dependency resolution and integration with the RPM package format. Zypper allows administrators to efficiently manage software repositories and package updates. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zypper.

Yarn: Yarn is a package manager for JavaScript that runs on Linux and other platforms. It was developed by Facebook to provide faster, more reliable package management for JavaScript projects, as an alternative to npm. Yarn supports offline package installations and is widely used in web development environments. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarn_(package_manager).

Fwupd: Fwupd is a system daemon that allows users to update firmware on supported hardware devices in Linux. It integrates with system tools and package managers to provide a seamless experience for updating BIOS, UEFI, and other device firmware. Fwupd ensures that firmware updates are secure and easy to manage. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fwupd.

Wayland: Wayland is a display server protocol that aims to replace the older X11 system in Linux. It is designed to be simpler and more efficient, providing a smoother graphical experience with lower latency. Wayland works with modern compositors to manage windows and render graphics more effectively. More information can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayland_(display_server_protocol).

• $PATH - A variable that contains a list of directories that will be searched for executable files when a user enters a command.“ ((TiaLnxRB)

• 2FA - See two-factor authentication (2FA)

• absolute path - The location of a file or directory that starts from the root of the filesystem and therefore begins with a slash character (/).” ((TiaLnxRB)

• accessibility options - A feature provided on desktops that makes it easier for individuals with physical limitations to work with the desktop.“ ((TiaLnxRB)

• address class ranges - The primary subnets of Class A, B, C, D, and E networks.” ((TiaLnxRB)

• Advanced Package Tool (APT) - A package management system for Debian-derived systems that wraps lower-level tools and provides easy searching of remote package sources, including downloading any needed dependencies.“ ((TiaLnxRB)

• agent - In orchestration, a monitoring system that has been installed on the system or component that is being monitored.” ((TiaLnxRB)

• agentless - In orchestration, a monitoring system that has not been installed on the system but is performed remotely.“ ((TiaLnxRB)

• AppArmor - A security feature that uses MAC (mandatory access control) to provide more secure access to files and directories.” ((TiaLnxRB)

• append - To write data to the end of current data in a file without overwriting the file. Appending is always adding to and not replacing content.“ ((TiaLnxRB)

• application data - Any data that is associated with the operation of a software application.” ((TiaLnxRB)

• archive file - A collection of at least one file into a standardized type of container file such as a tar archive, which is a compressed file such as those produced by bzip2 and gzip.“ ((TiaLnxRB)

• ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) - A format for encoding letters, numbers, punctuation, spaces, and other characters into numbers between 0 and 255.” ((TiaLnxRB)

• attribute - In orchestration, a parameter that is used to customize an automation procedure.“ ((TiaLnxRB)

• autoconfiguration - The process of automatically assigning network configurations such as IP addresses, hostnames, gateways, and subnet addresses.” ((TiaLnxRB)

• back up The process of copying a file or set of files to another location in order to memorialize them in some manner, either as a long-term or short-term backup copy." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• bandwidth The maximum amount of data that can travel through media." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• Basic Input/Output System (BIOS) The first software that is started when a computer starts on older IBM-compatible computers. Settings in the BIOS can be changed by using the BIOS setup program." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• binary log A systemd log that is not text based." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• binary package A collection of applications, documentation, libraries, and configuration files that can be downloaded and run without needing to be compiled from source." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• BIOS See Basic Input/Output System (BIOS)." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• block A contiguous chunk or amount of memory. Blocks can be of flexible size and contents." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• blocks in A value that represents how many blocks have been received from a block device (such as a hard disk)." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• blocks out A value that represents how many blocks have been sent to a block device (such as a hard disk)." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• Boolean logic Operations such as OR and AND that operate on the true and false primitives that computers understand rather than numbers that humans understand." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• boot loader A program that is called by the BIOS to start a computer and that takes care of loading the operating system kernel and initramfs." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• boot logging The process of logging and then investigating the logs that pertain to the boot portion of a system’s logs." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• boot process The set of steps a system goes through from power on to full functioning." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• broadcast address A network address on an IPv4 network that is used to send network messages to all hosts on the subnet." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• bus A hardware component that allows other components to connect and talk to each other over a single shared connection rather than each component needing a unique connection to every other component." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• cache In memory management, the area of memory where recently used files are stored. Cache is an important mechanism to speed up reads on servers." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• catenate To use output from one command as input to another command, typically through the use of a pipe. The process of catenation creates what is known as a process output chain." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• certificate authority A commonly known organization that guarantees the reliability of PKI certificates. A certificate authority provides a certificate that can be used to sign public key certificates." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• chain A set of firewall rules that includes both the type and the filtering point." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• check in In version control, to send file changes to a repository." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• check out In version control, to get a copy of one or more files that are located in a repository." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• the logical successor to Puppet." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• cloud-init The initial bootstrap tool that prepares a VM environment for the more feature-full Chef, Puppet, and other software options." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• coldplug Describes a hardware device that needs the computer to be turned off and on to be recognized." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• command substitution A shell scripting technique in which a command is run and then injected into another command." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• Common Unix Printing System (CUPS) The software responsible for printing on most Linux systems." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• conditional A piece of shell code that tests for given conditions and executes different code, depending on the result of the test." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• console In Linux, the primary terminal where a user works. The console is also a specific device with the name /dev/console." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• convert To alter from one format to another, such as converting uppercase to lowercase or converting a set of characters to another set of characters, as with the sed or tr commands." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• cron A service that runs background jobs at scheduled times." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• CUPS See Common Unix Printing System (CUPS)." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• CUPS back end A piece of the Common Unix Printing System that is responsible for sending a processed print job to a printer." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• CVE (Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures) A system that provides information about publicly known vulnerabilities." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• DAC See discretionary access control (DAC)." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• daemon A process that runs in the background and provides some sort of service, either to the local machine or to remote machines." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• DAG See directed acyclic graph (DAG)." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• database In relational databases, a collection of tables that together are used to store data." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• daylight saving time A system by which in summer months, clocks are moved ahead an hour to take advantage of the longer nights. Daylight saving time is a source of frustration for developers and systems administrators." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• default chain policy The target to use when no rule in a chain is matched." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• default gateway The gateway used by default for a host. See also gateway." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• desktop A software program that acts as the interface between users and a GUI environment." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• DHCP See Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• directed acyclic graph (DAG) A check-in technique used in third-generation version control systems." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• discretionary access control (DAC) The use of Linux file and directory permissions to limit access to items." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• distributed version control system (DVCS) A type of version control system in which an entire project is checked out." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• DNAT (destination NAT) A feature of a router in which inbound network packets are forwarded to another host. See also NAT (network address translation)." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• DNF (Dandified Yum) An updated version of YUM (Yellow Dog Modified)." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• DNS See Domain Name System (DNS).

• Domain Name System (DNS) A system that makes it possible to translate computer names to IP addresses and vice versa. DNS involves several domain levels, resembling a directory structure in a filesystem." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• dotted-quad notation An IPv4 address that consists of four octets." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• driver A piece of software that allows a kernel to understand how to communicate with a particular device or set of devices." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• dual-homed Describing a host that contains two network interface cards, each of which is on a different network for redundancy, performance, and other benefits." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• DVCS - See distributed version control system (DVCS).

• Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) A protocol that is often implemented by a server that takes care of providing an IP address and other related configuration information to clients. DHCP makes it possible to use systems in a computer network without the need to configure all of them with the required IP address configuration and related parameters." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• dynamic linker (ld.so) The library on a Linux system that is responsible for finding dynamic libraries and presenting them to the application that needs them." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• dynamic linking The process of sharing library code between applications rather than requiring each application to keep a copy of the library." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• epoch time In Linux, the number of seconds that have passed since midnight on Thursday, January 1, 1970. Some utilities write epoch time instead of real clock time." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• extended partition On MBR disks, a logical partition that performs just like a regular partition and allows a system administrator to exceed the usual maximum of four partitions that can be stored in the partition table." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• extension module An optional feature with iptables that allows more functionality than what the default iptables program provides." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• File System Hierarchy (FSH) A standard that defines which Linux directories should be used for which purpose. Read man 7 hier (the man page for hier in category 7 of the man pages) for a specification of FSH." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• File Transfer Protocol (FTP) A software program that allows users to copy files to and from a remote system. Unfortunately, FTP sends data in plain text, making it an unsecure method." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• filesystem Both the single virtual disk presented to a Linux system and the layout of files on the disks." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• filtering point A component of a firewall where rules are placed." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• firewall A software program designed to block or allow network packets." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• firewalld A front-end utility designed to make the process of configuring firewalls with iptables easier." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• FSH - See File System Hierarchy (FSH)

• FTP See File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

• gateway A host that is used to allow hosts to communicate with other networks. Also known as a router." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• GECOS A field in the /etc/passwd file that can be used to store personal data about a user on the Linux operating system. Originally stood for General Electric Comprehensive Operating System." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• GID (group identification number) A unique number assigned to a group account." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• Git A third-generation version control system." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• GMT - See Greenwich Mean Time (GMT)

• GNOME] - A common [[desktop. See also desktop.

• Gnu Privacy Guard (GnuPG) A software suite that allows users to encrypt data and digitally sign files." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• GPT - See GUID partition table (GPT)

• graphical user interface (GUI) - A Windows-based user interface.

• Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) The reference time zone by which all other time zones calculate their times. A time zone is defined as being a certain number of hours and minutes ahead of, or behind, GMT." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• GUID partition table (GPT) A modern solution for storing partitions on a hard disk, as opposed to using the older MBR partition table. A total of 128 GUID partitions can be created on a hard disk, and there is no difference between primary, extended, and logical partitions anymore." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• hard link A name associated with an inode, which is used for storing a Linux file and contains the complete administration of the file, including the blocks where the file is stored. A file that doesn’t have at least one hard link is considered a deleted file. To increase file accessibility, more than one hard link can be created for an inode." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• hardware The physical components of a computer, such as CPU, RAM, disk, network card, and so on." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• hotplug A device that can be inserted and recognized while a computer is running." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• IaC - See infrastructure as code (IAC)

• ICMP] - See [[Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)

• Infrastructure as Code (IAC) The use of software tools to perform orchestration tasks." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• init The first process started when the Linux kernel and initramfs have been loaded. From the init process, all other processes are started. In RHEL 7, the init process has been replaced by systemd." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• init process The program that is called by the BIOS to start a computer and that takes care of loading the operating system kernel and initramfs." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• integrated peripheral A piece of hardware that is part of the motherboard and is not removable or upgradable." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• internationalization A software method that involves allowing an application to change out the language used without needing separate versions of the application." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) A protocol that allows networking devices, such as routers, to send error messages." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• Internet Printing Protocol A modern web-based protocol that allows printers to communicate with computers over a network." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• Internet Protocol (IP) A protocol that handles the addressing and communication between devices on a network. It defines IP addresses, subnetting, and routing." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• IP - See Internet Protocol (IP)

• IP (Internet Protocol) address An address used to direct network traffic to a specific host." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• IPv4 (Internet Protocol, version 4) An older version of IP that uses dotted-quad notation for IP addresses." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• IPv6 (Internet Protocol, version 6) A newer version of IP that uses larger IP addresses and enhanced features." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• ISO-8859 standard A series of standards that define standard 8-bit code pages for character encoding." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• job In a Linux shell, a task running in the current terminal. Jobs can be started in the foreground as well as in the background. Every job is also visible as a process." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• KDE - A common desktop. See also desktop.

• Kerberos A computer network authentication protocol that uses tickets to allow nodes and users communicating over an unsecure network to prove their identity. It provides mutual authentication and on Linux is used for authentication of users as well as services." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• latency Any sort of delay in communication." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• LDAP - See Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP)

• library A collection of reusable software components that can be used by multiple applications." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) Originally, a protocol used to get information from an X.500 directory (which is a kind of address book). In modern computing environments, LDAP is also the service that provides centralized information that can be used for logging in and other purposes." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• line printer remote An older network printing protocol optimized for less powerful printer hardware." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• link A file, with its own inode, that points to another file." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• Linux Unified Key Setup - See LUKS (Linux Unified Key Setup).

• load average The average CPU usage over a specific period of time." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• locale In the context of internationalization and localization, the current language and country being used." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• localization The process of displaying numbers, monetary values, dates, and times in a manner appropriate for the given country and language." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• log rotation A service which ensures that log files cannot grow too big. Log files are monitored according to specific parameters, such as a maximum age or size. Once a specified parameter is reached, the log file closes, and a new log file is opened. Old log files are kept for a limited period and then are removed, often after only a couple weeks." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• logging The process of submitting log entries to a service running on the system that notes those entries into a file or files or sends those entries across the network to another server that is configured to be a central logging repository." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• logical extent The building block used in LVM to create logical volumes. It normally has a size of a few megabytes, which corresponds to the size of the physical extents that are used." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• logical partition A partition created in an extended partition. See also extended partition." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• logical volume (LV) The LVM component that represents a filesystem and that is composed of multiple physical extents." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• logical volume manager (LVM) A Linux component that abstracts the layout of filesystems from the actual disks, allowing filesystems to be grown without needing to be contiguous." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• LUKS (Linux Unified Key Setup) A disk encryption method commonly used on Linux systems." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• LV - See logical volume (LV)

• MAC - See mandatory access control (MAC)

• mandatory access control (MAC) A system that makes use of security groups or domains to limit access to objects, such as files and directories." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• mangle A firewall feature that modifies a network packet." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• master boot record (MBR) On a BIOS system, the first 512 bytes on the primary hard disk. It contains a boot loader as well as a partition table that gives access to the different partitions on the hard disk of the computer. It is the first block on disk that is executed on boot to launch the boot manager." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• MBR - See master boot record (MBR)

• merge In version control, to combine different versions of a file into a single result." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• message of the day See MOTD (message of the day)." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• micro kernel A kernel in which modules are used to extend the basic kernel code." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• module A piece of snap-in code. Modules are used by several systems on Linux, such as the kernel, GRUB2, and rsyslog. By using modules, Linux components can be extended easily, adding functionality without requiring a total rewrite of the software." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• monolithic kernel A kernel in which all of the code is embedded within a single executable chunk of code." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• MOTD (message of the day) A message that is displayed when a user logs in to a system." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• mount point A directory on disk to which another filesystem is attached." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• multifactor authentication A type of authentication in which a user is requested to provide multiple bits of evidence that prove the user’s identity." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• name server In DNS, a server configured with a database that contains resource records used to answer DNS queries." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• also referred to as masquerading. The computer on the Internet Sees only the public IP address and therefore cannot connect directly to the computer on the private network. Masquerading makes it possible to share one public IP address between many computers and at the same time is a security feature." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• network A grouping of hosts connected either by wireless signal or by cabling that can connect to each other and communicate in other ways." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• Network File System (NFS) A common Unix solution to export physical filesystems to other hosts on the network. The other hosts can mount an exported NFS directory in their local filesystem." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• network mask A dotted-quad notation used to define the network part of an IP address." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• Network Time Protocol (NTP) A service that allows a computer to query time servers for the purpose of keeping accurate time." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• NFS - See Network File System (NFS)

• NTP - See Network Time Protocol (NTP)

• numeric mode A method of setting object permissions that uses octal numbers." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• octet A portion of an IPv4 address consisting of 8 bits, each with a value of 0 or 1.“ ((TiaLnxRB)

• OS (operating system) data Any data that is associated with the operation of an operating system." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• OTP (One Time Password) A password that only permits access for a single instance." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• OVA (Open Virtual Appliance) Effectively a bundling of one or more VMs together in an installable/runnable package such as a virtual appliance." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• OVF (Open Virtualization Format) A compressed package file format that contains any needed certificates and disk image files and that is similar in format to a TAR archive file." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• package manager A system such as APT or RPM that installs software and keeps track of what’s currently installed." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• packet drop A process in which a remote system doesn’t respond to an inbound network packet." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• page A page, memory page, or virtual page that is a fixed-length contiguous block of virtual memory, described by a single entry in the page table." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• PAM (pluggable authentication module) A collection of libraries designed to provide an administrator with the means to change how user accounts are authenticated." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• partition A subdivision of a hard disk on which a filesystem can be created to be mounted into the directory structure." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• peripheral A device, such as a printer or a monitor, that connects to a computer." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• permission trio A permission set for an object user owner, a group owner, and all other users." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• physical extent A component of logical volume management that forms the basis of a logical volume. A physical volume, such as a disk, is split into blocks called physical extents." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• physical volume (PV) The foundational building block of an LVM configuration that typically corresponds to a partition or a complete disk device." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• PID - See process identification number (PID)

• pipe A structure that can be used to forward the output of one command to be used as input for another command." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• pluggable authentication module See PAM (pluggable authentication module)." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• port A number associated with a service. The service listens for incoming network packets assigned to the port number." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• Postfix A mail transfer agent, originally built by IBM, that is split into separate components to enhance security." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• primary group The group owner of a file. Every Linux user is a member of a primary group." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• primary partition In MBR, one of a maximum of four partitions that can be created in the master boot record. See also [[extended partition." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• print queue A list of print jobs waiting to be printed." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• print spooler The component responsible for taking the next job off the print queue and sending it to the printer." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• priority In rsyslog, a level used to specify the severity of a logged event. Based on the severity, specific actions can be taken." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• private key A key used to decrypt data that has been encrypted with a public key." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• procedure In orchestration, the collection of steps that need to take place to complete an action." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• process A task running on a Linux machine. A process roughly corresponds to a program, although one program can start multiple processes." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• process identification number (PID) A unique number used to identify a process running on a Linux system." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• public key A key provided to other users and hosts that is used to encrypt data. This data, when returned to the original host, can be decrypted by the private key." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• Puppet An older and less capable method of providing configuration management that is being replaced by Chef." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• PV - See physical volume (PV)]]

• queue In process management, the list of processes waiting to be executed." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• RADIUS (Remote Authentication Dial-In Service) A protocol that allows a client system to make use of a server to authenticate users." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• RAID - See redundant array of independent disks (RAID)

• RCP - See remote copy (RCP)

• reboot To cause a system to go from a running or halted state to not running and then back to properly running again." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• redirect To take content or output from a process and send that content or output to a file (either a device file or a regular file on disk)." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• redundant array of independent disks (RAID) A method of using regular disks to build a larger and more reliable set of disks, such as by mirroring writes to two separate disks." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• relative path The location of a file, specified as an offset from the current working directory." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• remote copy (RCP) A software program that allows users to copy files to and from a remote system. Unfortunately, this process sends data in plain text, making it an unsecure method." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• repo - See repository.

• repository In version control, a storage area that keeps track of different versions of files. Also known as a [[repo.” ((TiaLnxRB)

• Request for Comments (RFC) A publication that defines a standard, such as a protocol like IP." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• RFC - See Request for Comments (RFC)

• root filesystem The filesystem that contains the root (/) directory." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• router A device that transfers network packets from one network to another." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• routing The process of sending network data from one Internet Protocol network to another via a gateway." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• runlevel The services/daemons that will be running/stopped when the system is in a particular system state." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• Samba The Linux service that implements the SMB protocol." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• saturation A state in which throughput is often (or constantly) reaching the value of the bandwidth." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• secondary group A group to which a user belongs but for which membership is not defined in the /etc/passwd file. When creating new files, the secondary group does not automatically become the owner of those files. Users can access files via permissions when using a secondary group." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• Secure Shell (SSH) A solution that allows users to open a shell on a remote server, where security is implemented by using public/private key cryptography." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• SELinux A security feature that involves using MAC (mandatory access control) to provide more secure access to files and directories." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• SELinux Boolean A true/false value that can be used to configure an SELinux policy." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• SELinux context Metadata applied to an object, such as a file, directory, or process. This metadata is used to determine how the rules of an SELinux policy will be enforced on the object." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• SELinux policy Rules that determine how MAC is enforced on a system." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• session The presence of a user on a system after being authenticated until logging out." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• SetGID (SGID) A special permission set in which a command executes using the privileges of the group owner of the command." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• SetUID (SUID) A special permission set in which a command executes using the privileges of the user owner of the command." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• SGID - See SetGID (SGID)

• Shadow Suite A system function that allows for the encrypted passwords on a system to be kept in the much more secure /etc/shadow file instead of the less secure and often publicly available /etc/passwd file. Group passwords are also made more secure by being relocated from the public /etc/group file to the more secure /etc/gshadow file.“ ((TiaLnxRB)

• share A directory to which remote access is configured using a remote filesystem protocol such as NFS or CIFS." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• shared object A library used by multiple applications and linked at runtime by the dynamic linker. Shared object files almost always end in .so." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• , which is followed by a ! and the complete path name of the shell, such as #!/bin/bash." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• shell metacharacters Characters such as *, )

• shut down To close down a system properly." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• signal An instruction that can be sent to a process. Common signals exist, such as SIGTERM and SIGKILL, but the Linux kernel allows a total of 32 different signals to be used. To send a signal to a process, the kill command can be used." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) A text-based protocol that allows different mail transfer agents to send mail between themselves." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) A protocol that allows for the management of network devices." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• skel template A directory used to populate a new user account’s home directory with files." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• effectively a memory allocator for use by the kernel." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• SMTP - See Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)

• SNMP - See Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)

• source format A set of source files packaged up in an rpm or dpkg file that, when installed, populate a location and can be used to build a package from source.” ((TiaLnxRB)

• source RPM A package containing source code and the instructions on how to build the source into a binary." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• SQL - See Structured Query Language (SQL)

• SSH - See Secure Shell (SSH)

• standard error The default location to which a program sends error messages.“ ((TiaLnxRB)

• standard input The default location from which a program gets its input." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• standard output The default location to which a program sends its regular output." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• static linking The process of taking code from common libraries and making it a part of a runnable application rather than something brought in from a shared library." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• sticky bit A special permission set that modifies the meaning of the write permission on a directory so that the only user who can delete a file in the directory is the file owner, the directory owner, or the root user. Historically, the sticky bit was used to keep a program resident in memory and prevent it from being swapped to disk." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• strings A collection of characters, such as “hello”, as opposed to a numeric type like an integer or a date." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• Structured Query Language (SQL) A language used to query and manipulate relational databases." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• subnetting The process of using a network mask to define the network part of an IP address." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• SUID - See SetUID (SUID)

• swap space Hard drive space used in place of RAM when available RAM runs low.” ((TiaLnxRB)

• symbolic mode A method of using symbols to set object permissions." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• synchronization The process of producing an identical copy of a set of files from one location to another, typically for the purpose of backup or safekeeping. During this process, a comparison is made between the two locations, and the differences are copied from the source to the target, in varying levels of atomicity, such as file by file or byte by byte, depending on the parameters and options specified." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• syslog A daemon that is the traditional logging service for Linux, recently supplanted in some instances by rsyslog and systemd logging." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• system time The time maintained by the operating system. When a Linux system boots, system time is set to the current hardware time, and while the operating system is running, it is often synchronized using Network Time Protocol." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• systemd The service manager on many distributions, which is the first process that starts after the kernel has loaded and takes care of starting all other processes and services on a Linux system." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• table A type of firewall rule, such as filter, nat, or mangle." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• TACACS+ (Terminal Access Controller Access-Control System Plus) A protocol that allows a client system to make use of a server to authenticate users." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• tar command An archival tool that allows a user to create archives and to use compression utilities to additionally compress the contents of an archive." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• target The action to be taken when a rule is matched." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• TCP - See Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

• TCP wrappers A library designed to allow the administrator the means to secure network-based services by using the /etc/hosts.allow and /etc/hosts.deny configuration files." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• Telnet A software program that allows for connection to remote systems. Unfortunately, this connection is sent in plain text, making it an unsecure method." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• throughput The amount of data that passes through media." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• time synchronization A system which ensures that multiple servers are using exactly the same time. To accomplish time synchronization, it is common to use an external time server, as defined in the Network Time Protocol (NTP)." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• time zone A set of locations that share a common time, measured in an offset from Universal Coordinated Time." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• timeout The use of a software component to determine whether a packet drop has occurred." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• token A unique value (typically either a number or an alphanumeric value) that is generated by either a hardware device or a software program." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) A protocol that focuses on the transport of data packages. TCP differs from UDP in that the data packages are considered “reliable” because TCP performs error checking to make sure all data packages arrive at the destination." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• two-factor authentication (2FA) A process in which a user must provide two different forms of identification to be authenticated." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• UDP - See User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

• UFW (Uncomplicated Firewall) A front-end utility designed to make the process of configuring firewalls with iptables easier." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• UID (user identification number) A unique number assigned to a user account." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• ulimit A feature that allows an administrator to limit access to system resources for users and groups." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• umask value A value applied to the default permissions for files and directories when creating a new file or directory. The umask value modifies the permissions placed on the new file or directory." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• Unicode A universal encoding that defines each possible character as a code point (a unique number)." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• Universal Coordinated Time (UTC) A time standard that is globally the same, no matter which specific time zone a user is in. Universal Coordinated Time corresponds to Greenwich Mean Time." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• Universal Serial Bus See USB (Universal Serial Bus)." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• UPG (user private group) A technique in which a new user is assigned to a private group that matches the user’s username." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• Upstart The system used in RHEL 6 to start services during system initialization. It is similar in features to systemd and is an improvement over init." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• USB (Universal Serial Bus) An industry standard for external devices." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• User Datagram Protocol (UDP) A protocol that focuses on the transport of data packages. It is often contrasted with TCP, as they both perform similar functions. UDP differs from TCP in that the data packages are sent “connectionless,” so no error checking is performed." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• UTC -See Universal Coordinated Time (UTC)

• UTF-8 A character encoding format that encodes all characters in a variable width using blocks of 8 bits. That is, characters are from 1 to 4 bytes long. UTF-8 is also backward compatible with 8-bit ASCII." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• UTF-16 A character encoding format that encodes all characters in a variable width using blocks of 16 bits. That is, characters are either 2 or 4 bytes each." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• variable A label that corresponds to a location in memory that contains a specific value that can be changed dynamically. In scripting, variables are frequently used to allow the script to be flexible." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• version control system Software that tracks changes to files over time and can be used to See history or revert to older versions of a file." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• VG - See volume group (VG)

• virtual memory Hard drive space used in place of RAM." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• virtualization The process of running a client operating system on a host as if it were running on hardware." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• VM template A master version of a virtual machine that is used to make a copy that is then customized to become the VM that you want to spin up in your environment." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• volume group A collection of physical volumes in a logical volume manager system. You can split up a volume group into logical volumes on which you make filesystems." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• a window is not necessarily a drawn window on the screen but may be a separate discrete instance of the BASH shell that contains a session." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• Yellow Dog Modified (YUM) The meta package handler that on RHEL 7 is used to install packages from yum repositories." (([[TiaLnxRB)

• Zypper The combination of ZYpp/libzypp and the zypper command, used to manage software mostly on SUSE systems and Ark." (([[TiaLnxRB)

Fair Use Sources:

• https://learning.oreilly.com/library/view/comptia-linux-xk0-005/9780137866946/gloss.xhtml

• Windows commands

• Issue 7 XCU: Shell & Utilities
• Issue 6 XCU: Shell & Utilities
• Issue 5 XCU: Commands & Utilities

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