Return to Python How-To, Python, Python Bibliography, Manning Python Series, Manning Data Science Series, Manning Books Purchased by Cloud Monk, Manning Bibliography, Cloud Monk's Book Purchases, Cloud Monk Library

contents

front matter

preface

acknowledgments

about this book

about the author

about the cover illustration

1 Developing a pragmatic learning strategy

1.1 Aiming at becoming a pragmatic programmer

Focusing on writing readable Python code

Considering maintainability even before you write any code

1.2 What Python can do well or as well as other languages

1.3 What Python can't do or can't do well

1.4 What you'll learn in this book

Focusing on domain-independent knowledge

Solving problems through synthesis

Learning skills in context

Part 1 Using built-in data models

2 Processing and formatting strings

2.1 How do I use f-strings for string interpolation and formatting?

Formatting strings before f-strings

Using f-strings to interpolate variables

Using f-strings to interpolate expressions

Applying specifiers to format f-strings

Discussion]]

Challenge

2.2 How do I convert strings to retrieve the represented data?

Checking whether strings represent alphanumeric values

Casting strings to numbers

Evaluating strings to derive their represented data

Discussion]]

Challenge

2.3 How do I join and split strings?

Joining strings with whitespaces

Joining strings with any delimiters

Splitting strings to create a list of strings

Discussion]]

Challenge

2.4 What are the essentials of regular expressions?

Using regular expressions in Python

Creating the pattern with a raw string

Understanding the essentials of a search pattern

Dissecting the matches

Knowing the common methods

Discussion]]

Challenge

2.5 How do I use regular expressions to process texts?

Creating a working pattern to find the matches

Extracting the needed data from the matches

Using named groups for text processing

Discussion]]

Challenge

3 Using built-in data containers

3.1 How do I choose between lists and tuples?

Using tuples for immutability and using lists for mutability

Using tuples for heterogeneity and using lists for homogeneity

Discussion]]

Challenge

3.2 How do I sort lists of complicated data using custom functions?

Sorting lists using the default order

Using a built-in function as the sorting key

Using custom functions for more complicated sorting needs

Discussion]]

Challenge

3.3 How do I build a lightweight data model using named tuples?

Understanding alternative data models

Creating named tuples to hold data

Discussion]]

Challenge

3.4 How do I access dictionary keys, values, and items?

Using dynamic view objects (keys, values, and items) directly

Being cautious with the KeyError exception

Avoiding KeyError with a hygiene check first: The non-Pythonic way

Using the get method to access a dictionary item

Watching for the setdefault method's side effect

Discussion]]

Challenge

3.5 When do I use dictionaries and sets instead of lists and tuples?

Taking advantage of the constant lookup efficiency

Understanding hashable and hashing

Discussion]]

Challenge

3.6 How do I use set operations to check the relationships between lists?

Checking whether a list contains all items of another list

Checking whether a list contains any element of another list

Dealing with multiple set objects

Discussion]]

Challenge

4 Dealing with sequence data

4.1 How do I retrieve and manipulate subsequences with slice objects?

Taking advantage of the full features of slicing

Not confusing slices with ranges

Using named slice objects to process sequence data

Manipulating list items with slicing operations

Discussion]]

Challenge

4.2 How do I use positive and negative indexing to retrieve items?

Positive indexing starts from the beginning of the list

Negative indexing starts from the end of the list

Combining positive and negative indices as needed

Discussion]]

Challenge

4.3 How do I find items in a sequence?

Checking an item's presence

Using the index method to locate the item

Finding substrings in a string

Finding an instance of custom classes in a list

Discussion]]

Challenge

4.4 How do I unpack a sequence? Beyond tuple unpacking

Unpacking short sequences with one-to-one correspondence

Retrieving consecutive items using the starred expression

Denoting unwanted items with underscores to remove distraction

Discussion]]

Challenge

4.5 When should I consider data models other than lists and tuples?

Using sets where membership is concerned

Using deques if you care about first-in-first-out

Processing multidimensional data with NumPy and Pandas

Discussion]]

Challenge

5 Iterables and iterations

5.1 How do I create common data containers using iterables?

Getting to know iterables and iterators

Inspecting iterability

Using iterables to create built-in data containers

Discussion]]

Challenge

5.2 What are list, dictionary, and set comprehensions?

Creating lists from iterables using list comprehension

Creating dictionaries from iterables using dictionary comprehension

Creating sets from iterables using set comprehension

Applying a filtering condition

Using embedded for loops

Discussion]]

Challenge

5.3 How do I improve for-loop iterations with built-in functions?

Enumerating items with enumerate

Reversing items with reversed

Aligning iterables with zip

Chaining multiple iterables with chain

Filtering the iterable with filter

Discussion]]

Challenge

5.4 Using optional statements within for and while loops

Exiting the loops with the break statement

Skipping an iteration with the continue statement

Using else statements in the for and while loops

Discussion]]

Challenge

Part 2 Defining functions

6 Defining user-friendly functions

6.1 How do I set default arguments to make function calls easier?

Calling functions with default arguments

Defining functions with default arguments

Avoiding the pitfall of setting default arguments for mutable parameters

Discussion]]

Challenge

6.2 How do I set and use the return value in function calls?

Returning a value implicitly or explicitly

Defining functions returning zero, one, or multiple values

Using multiple values returned from a function call

Discussion]]

Challenge

6.3 How do I use type hints to write understandable functions?

Providing type hinting to variables

Using type hinting in function definitions

Applying advanced type-hinting skills to function definitions

Discussion]]

Challenge

6.4 How do I increase function flexibility with *args and **kwargs?

Knowing positional and keyword arguments

Accepting a variable number of positional arguments

Accepting a variable number of keyword arguments

Discussion]]

Challenge

6.5 How do I write proper docstrings for a function?

Examining the basic structure of a function's docstring

Specifying the function's action as the summary

Documenting the parameters and the return value

Specifying any exceptions possibly raised

Discussion]]

Challenge

7 Using functions beyond the basics

7.1 How do I use lambda functions for small jobs?

Creating a lambda function

Using lambdas to perform a small one-time]] job

Avoiding pitfalls when using lambda functions

Discussion]]

Challenge

7.2 What are the implications of functions as objects?

Storing functions in a data container

Sending functions as arguments to higher-order functions

Using functions as a return value

Discussion]]

Challenge

7.3 How do I check functions' performance with decorators?

Decorating a function to show its performance

Dissecting the decorator function

Wrapping to carry over the decorated function's metadata

Discussion]]

Challenge

7.4 How can I use generator functions as a memory-efficient data provider?

Creating a generator to yield perfect squares

Using generators for their memory efficiency

Using generator expressions where applicable

Discussion]]

Challenge

7.5 How do I create partial functions to make routine function calls easier?

“Localizing” shared functions to simplify function calls

Creating a partial function to localize a function

Discussion]]

Challenge

Part 3 Defining classes

8 Defining user-friendly classes

8.1 How do I define the initialization method for a class?

Demystifying self: The first parameter in __init__

Setting proper arguments in __init__

Specifying all attributes in __init__

Defining class attributes outside the __init__ method

Discussion]]

Challenge

8.2 When do I define instance, static, and class methods?

Defining instance methods for manipulating individual instances

Defining static methods for utility functionalities

Defining class methods for accessing class-level attributes

Discussion]]

Challenge

8.3 How do I apply finer access control to a class?

Creating protected methods by using an underscore as the prefix

Creating private methods by using double underscores as the prefix

Creating read-only attributes with the property decorator

Verifying data integrity with a property setter

Discussion]]

Challenge

8.4 How do I customize string representation for a class?

Overriding __str__ to show meaningful information for an instance

Overriding __repr__ to provide instantiation information

Understanding the differences between __str__ and __repr__

Discussion]]

Challenge

8.5 Why and how do I create a superclass and subclasses?

Identifying the use scenario of subclasses

Inheriting the superclass's attributes and methods automatically

Overriding the superclass's methods to provide customized behaviors

Creating non-public methods of the superclass

Discussion]]

Challenge

9 Using classes beyond the basics

9.1 How do I create enumerations?

Avoiding a regular class for enumerations

Creating an enumeration class

Using enumerations

Defining methods for the enumeration class

Discussion]]

Challenge

9.2 How do I use data classes to eliminate boilerplate code?

Creating a data class using the dataclass decorator

Setting default values for the fields

Making data classes immutable

Creating a subclass of an existing data class

Discussion]]

Challenge

9.3 How do I prepare and process JSON data?

Understanding JSON's data structure

Mapping data types between JSON and Python

Deserializing JSON strings

Serializing Python data to JSON format

Discussion]]

Challenge

9.4 How do I create lazy attributes to improve performance?

Identifying the use scenario

Overriding the __getattr_ special method to implement lazy attributes

Implementing a property as a lazy attribute

Discussion]]

Challenge

9.5 How do I define classes to have distinct concerns?

Analyzing a class

Creating additional classes to isolate the concerns

Connecting related classes

Discussion]]

Challenge

Part 4 Manipulating objects and files

10 Fundamentals of objects

10.1 How do I inspect an object's type to improve code flexibility?

Checking an object's type using type

Checking an object's type using isinstance

Checking an object's type generically

Discussion]]

Challenge

10.2 What's the lifecycle of instance objects?

Instantiating an object

Being active in applicable namespaces

Tracking reference counts

Destructing the object

Discussion]]

Challenge

10.3 How do I copy an object?

Creating a (shallow) copy

Noting the potential problem of a shallow copy

Creating a deep copy

Discussion]]

Challenge

10.4 How do I access and change a variable in a different scope?

Accessing any variable: The LEGB rule for name lookup

Changing a global variable in a local scope

Changing an enclosing variable

Discussion]]

Challenge

10.5 What's callability, and what does it imply?

Distinguishing classes from functions

Revisiting the higher-order function map

Using callable as the key argument

Creating decorators as classes

Discussion]]

Challenge

11 Dealing with files

11.1 How do I read and write files using context management?

Opening and closing files: Context manager

Reading data from a file in different ways

Writing data to a file in different ways

Discussion]]

Challenge

11.2 How do I deal with tabulated data files?

Reading a CSV file using csv reader

Reading a CSV file that has a header

Writing data to a CSV file

Discussion]]

Challenge

11.3 How do I preserve data as files using pickling?

Pickling objects for data preservation

Restoring data by unpickling

Weighing the pros and cons of pickling

Discussion]]

Challenge

11.4 How do I manage files on my computer?

Creating a directory and files

Retrieving the list of files of a specific kind

Moving files to a different folder

Copying files to a different folder

Deleting a specific kind of files

Discussion]]

Challenge

11.5 How do I retrieve file metadata?

Retrieving the filename-related information

Retrieving the file's size and time information

Discussion]]

Challenge

Part 5 Safeguarding the codebase

12 Logging and exception handling

12.1 How do I monitor my program with logging?

Creating the Logger object to log application events

Using files to store application events

Adding multiple handlers to the logger

Discussion]]

Challenge

12.2 How do I save log records properly?

Categorizing application events with levels

Setting a handler's level

Setting formats to the handler

Discussion]]

Challenge

12.3 How do I handle exceptions?

Handling exceptions with try. . .except. . .

Specifying the exception in the except clause

Handling multiple exceptions

Showing more information about an exception

Discussion]]

Challenge

12.4 How do I use else and finally clauses in exception handling?

Using else to continue the logic of the code in the try clause

Cleaning up the exception handling with the finally clause

Discussion]]

Challenge

12.5 How do I raise informative exceptions with custom exception classes?

Raising exceptions with a custom message

Preferring built-in exception classes

Defining custom exception classes

Discussion]]

Challenge

13 Debugging and testing

13.1 How do I spot problems with tracebacks?

Understanding how a traceback is generated

Analyzing a traceback when running code in a console

Analyzing a traceback when running a script

Focusing on the last call in a traceback

Discussion]]

Challenge

13.2 How do I debug my program interactively?

Activating the debugger with a breakpoint

Running code line by line

Stepping into another function

Inspecting pertinent variables

Discussion]]

Challenge

13.3 How do I test my functions automatically?

Understanding the basis for testing functions

Creating a TestCase subclass for testing functions

Setting up the test

Discussion]]

Challenge

13.4 How do I test a class automatically?

Creating a TestCase subclass for testing a class

Responding to test failures

Discussion]]

Challenge

Part 6 Building a web app

14 Completing a real project

14.1 How do I use a virtual environment for my project?

Understanding the rationale for virtual environments

Creating a virtual environment for each project

Installing packages in the virtual environment

Using virtual environments in Visual Studio Code

Discussion]]

Challenge

14.1 How do I build the data models for my project?

Identifying the business needs

Creating helper classes and functions

Creating the Task class to address these needs

Discussion]]

Challenge

14.2 How do I use SQLite as my application's database?

Creating the database

Retrieving records from the database

Saving records to the database

Updating a record in a database

Deleting a record from the database

Discussion]]

Challenge

14.3 How do I build a web app as the frontend?

Understanding the essential features of streamlit

Understanding the app's interface

Tracking user activities using session state

Setting up the sidebar

Showing the tasks

Showing a task's details

Creating a new task

Organizing your project

Running the app

Discussion]]

Challenge

Appendix A Learning Python with REPL in IDLE

Appendix B Managing Python packages with pip

Appendix C Using Jupyter Notebook: A web-based interactive Python editor

Appendix D Integrating version control into your project

Appendix E Preparing your package for public distribution

Appendix F solutions to the challenges

index

Fair Use Sources:

• Python How-To

Python Programming Language, Python Interpreter, Python Standard Library, Python Virtual Environment, Python pip (Pip Installs Packages), Python List, Python Dictionary, Python String, Python Function, Python Class, Python Module, Python Package, Python Object, Python Tuple, Python Set, Python Import Statement, Python Exception, Python Decorator, Python Lambda Function, Python Generator, Python Iterable, Python Iterator, Python Comprehension, Python Built-in Function, Python Built-in Type, Python Keyword, Python Conditional Statement, Python Loop, Python For Loop, Python While Loop, Python If Statement, Python elif Statement, Python else Statement, Python Pass Statement, Python Break Statement, Python Continue Statement, Python None Object, Python True, Python False, Python Boolean, Python Integer, Python Float, Python Complex Number, Python Type Hint, Python Annotations, Python File Handling, Python Open Function, Python With Statement, Python Context Manager, Python Exception Handling, Python Try-Except Block, Python Finally Block, Python Raise Statement, Python Assertion, Python Module Search Path, Python sys Module, Python os Module, Python math Module, Python datetime Module, Python random Module, Python re Module (Regular Expressions), Python json Module, Python functools Module, Python itertools Module, Python collections Module, Python pathlib Module, Python subprocess Module, Python argparse Module, Python logging Module, Python unittest Module, Python doctest Module, Python pdb (Python Debugger), Python venv (Virtual Environment), Python PyPI (Python Package Index), Python setuptools, Python distutils, Python wheel, Python pyproject.toml, Python requirements.txt, Python setup.py, Python IDLE, Python REPL (Read-Eval-Print Loop), Python Shebang Line, Python Bytecode, Python Compilation, Python CPython Interpreter, Python PyPy Interpreter, Python Jython Interpreter, Python IronPython Interpreter, Python GIL (Global Interpreter Lock), Python Garbage Collection, Python Memory Management, Python Reference Counting, Python Weak Reference, Python C Extension, Python Extension Modules, Python WSGI (Web Server Gateway Interface), Python ASGI (Asynchronous Server Gateway Interface), Python Django Framework, Python Flask Framework, Python Pyramid Framework, Python Bottle Framework, Python Tornado Framework, Python FastAPI Framework, Python aiohttp Framework, Python Sanic Framework, Python Requests Library, Python urllib Module, Python urllib3 Library, Python BeautifulSoup (HTML Parser), Python lxml (XML Processing), Python Selenium Integration, Python Scrapy Framework, Python Gunicorn Server, Python uWSGI Server, Python mod_wsgi, Python Jinja2 Template, Python Mako Template, Python Chameleon Template, Python Asyncio Library, Python Coroutines, Python Await Statement, Python async/await Syntax, Python Async Generator, Python Event Loop, Python asyncio.gather, Python asyncio.run, Python subprocess.run, Python concurrent.futures, Python Threading Module, Python Multiprocessing Module, Python Queue Module, Python Lock, Python RLock, Python Semaphore, Python Event, Python Condition Variable, Python Barrier, Python Timer, Python Socket Module, Python select Module, Python ssl Module, Python ftplib, Python smtplib, Python imaplib, Python poplib, Python http.client, Python http.server, Python xmlrpc.client, Python xmlrpc.server, Python socketserver Module, Python codecs Module, Python hashlib Module, Python hmac Module, Python secrets Module, Python base64 Module, Python binascii Module, Python zlib Module, Python gzip Module, Python bz2 Module, Python lzma Module, Python tarfile Module, Python zipfile Module, Python shutil Module, Python glob Module, Python fnmatch Module, Python tempfile Module, Python time Module, Python threading.Thread, Python multiprocessing.Process, Python subprocess.Popen, Python logging.Logger, Python logging.Handler, Python logging.Formatter, Python logging.FileHandler, Python logging.StreamHandler, Python logging.config, Python warnings Module, Python traceback Module, Python atexit Module, Python signal Module, Python locale Module, Python getpass Module, Python readline Module, Python rlcompleter Module, Python platform Module, Python sys.path, Python sys.argv, Python sys.exit, Python sys.stdin, Python sys.stdout, Python sys.stderr, Python sys.getsizeof, Python sys.setrecursionlimit, Python sys.version, Python sys.platform, Python sys.modules, Python gc Module, Python gc.collect, Python gc.set_threshold, Python inspect Module, Python inspect.getmembers, Python inspect.signature, Python dis Module, Python disassemble, Python marshal Module, Python tokenize Module, Python tokenize.generate_tokens, Python ast Module, Python ast.parse, Python compile Function, Python eval Function, Python exec Function, Python frozenset, Python bytes Type, Python bytearray Type, Python memoryview Type, Python slice Object, Python range Object, Python reversed Function, Python enumerate Function, Python zip Function, Python map Function, Python filter Function, Python reduce Function, Python sum Function, Python min Function, Python max Function, Python round Function, Python abs Function, Python divmod Function, Python pow Function, Python sorted Function, Python any Function, Python all Function, Python isinstance Function, Python issubclass Function, Python dir Function, Python help Function, Python vars Function, Python id Function, Python hash Function, Python ord Function, Python chr Function, Python bin Function, Python oct Function, Python hex Function, Python repr Function, Python ascii Function, Python callable Function, Python format Function, Python globals, Python locals, Python super Function, Python breakpoint Function, Python input Function, Python print Function, Python open Function, Python eval Function (Repeat noted), Python classmethod, Python staticmethod, Python property Decorator, Python __init__ Method, Python __str__ Method, Python __repr__ Method, Python __eq__ Method, Python __hash__ Method, Python __lt__ Method, Python __le__ Method, Python __gt__ Method, Python __ge__ Method, Python __ne__ Method, Python __add__ Method, Python __sub__ Method, Python __mul__ Method, Python __truediv__ Method, Python __floordiv__ Method, Python __mod__ Method, Python __pow__ Method, Python __len__ Method, Python __getitem__ Method, Python __setitem__ Method, Python __delitem__ Method, Python __contains__ Method, Python __iter__ Method, Python __next__ Method, Python __enter__ Method, Python __exit__ Method, Python __call__ Method, Python __new__ Method, Python __init_subclass__ Method, Python __class_getitem__ Method, Python __mro__, Python __name__ Variable, Python __main__ Module, Python __doc__, Python __package__, Python __file__, Python __debug__, Python unittest.TestCase, Python unittest.main, Python unittest.mock, Python unittest.mock.patch, Python unittest.mock.Mock, Python pytest Framework, Python pytest.mark, Python pytest fixtures, Python nose2 Testing, Python tox Tool, Python coverage Tool, Python hypothesis Testing, Python black Formatter, Python isort Tool, Python flake8 Linter, Python pylint Linter, Python mypy Type Checker, Python bandit Security Linter, Python pydoc Documentation, Python Sphinx Documentation, Python docstrings, Python reStructuredText, Python unittest.mock.MagicMock, Python unittest.mock.MockReturnValue, Python unittest.mock.MockSideEffect, Python argparse.ArgumentParser, Python argparse Namespace, Python configparser Module, Python configparser.ConfigParser, Python json.dumps, Python json.loads, Python json.dump, Python json.load, Python decimal Module, Python fractions Module, Python statistics Module, Python heapq Module, Python bisect Module, Python math.sqrt, Python math.floor, Python math.ceil, Python math.isnan, Python math.isinf, Python math.pi, Python math.e, Python math.gamma, Python random.random, Python random.randint, Python random.choice, Python random.shuffle, Python random.sample, Python datetime.datetime, Python datetime.date, Python datetime.time, Python datetime.timedelta, Python datetime.timezone, Python calendar Module, Python zoneinfo Module, Python locale.getdefaultlocale, Python glob.glob, Python fnmatch.filter, Python shutil.copy, Python shutil.move, Python tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile, Python tempfile.TemporaryDirectory, Python zipfile.ZipFile, Python tarfile.open, Python gzip.open, Python bz2.open, Python lzma.open, Python pickle Module, Python pickle.dump, Python pickle.load, Python shelve Module, Python sqlite3 Module, Python sqlite3.connect, Python http.server.HTTPServer, Python http.server.BaseHTTPRequestHandler, Python wsgiref.simple_server, Python xml.etree.ElementTree, Python xml.etree.Element, Python xml.etree.SubElement, Python configparser.ConfigParser.write, Python configparser.ConfigParser.read, Python re.search, Python re.match, Python re.findall, Python re.split, Python re.sub, Python re.compile, Python logging.basicConfig, Python logging.debug, Python logging.info, Python logging.warning, Python logging.error, Python logging.critical, Python collections.Counter, Python collections.defaultdict, Python collections.OrderedDict, Python collections.deque, Python collections.namedtuple, Python collections.ChainMap, Python dataclasses.dataclass, Python dataclasses.field, Python enum.Enum, Python enum.auto, Python typing Module, Python typing.List, Python typing.Dict, Python typing.Union, Python typing.Optional, Python typing.Any, Python typing.TypeVar, Python typing.Generic, Python typing.Protocol, Python typing.NamedTuple, Python functools.lru_cache, Python functools.reduce, Python functools.partial, Python functools.singledispatch, Python operator Module, Python operator.itemgetter, Python operator.attrgetter, Python operator.methodcaller, Python itertools.chain, Python itertools.product, Python itertools.permutations, Python itertools.combinations, Python itertools.groupby, Python itertools.accumulate, Python parse Library, Python pathlib.Path, Python pathlib.Path.resolve, Python pathlib.Path.mkdir, Python pathlib.Path.rmdir, Python pathlib.Path.unlink, Python pathlib.Path.glob, Python pathlib.Path.read_text, Python pathlib.Path.write_text, Python subprocess.check_call, Python subprocess.check_output, Python subprocess.call, Python unittest.mock.ANY, Python importlib Module, Python importlib.import_module, Python importlib.resources, Python pkgutil Module, Python runpy Module, Python pip wheel, Python pip install, Python pip freeze, Python pip uninstall, Python build Tools, Python twine Upload, Python poetry Package Manager, Python poetry.lock File, Python Hatch Project, Python virtualenv Tool, Python conda Environment, Python cffi Module, Python ctypes Module, Python ctypes.CDLL, Python ctypes.Structure, Python cProfile Module, Python pstats Module, Python timeit Module, Python imaplib.IMAP4, Python smtplib.SMTP, Python ssl.create_default_context, Python email.message.EmailMessage, Python email.mime.text, Python email.mime.multipart, Python xml.dom.minidom, Python xml.dom.pulldom, Python xml.sax Module, Python xml.sax.handler, Python xml.sax.make_parser, Python configobj Library, Python toml Module, Python tomli Module, Python yaml Module (PyYAML), Python pyenv Tool, Python poetry build, Python poetry publish, Python wheel packaging, Python pyinstaller Tool, Python cx_Freeze, Python nuitka Compiler, Python cython Compiler, Python mypy.ini, Python flake8.ini, Python black --check, Python black --diff, Python pylint.rcfile, Python coverage.py, Python coverage.xml, Python coverage combine, Python coverage html, Python coverage report, Python pytest.ini, Python pytest --cov, Python pytest --lf, Python pytest --ff, Python pytest -k, Python pytest -m, Python docker-compose Integration, Python fabric Library, Python invoke Library, Python pipenv Tool, Python pipenv Pipfile, Python pipenv lock, Python poetry pyproject.toml, Python functools.cache, Python functools.total_ordering, Python decimal.Decimal, Python decimal.Context, Python fractions.Fraction, Python fractions.gcd Deprecated, Python statistics.mean, Python statistics.median, Python statistics.mode, Python statistics.stdev, Python statistics.variance, Python tkinter Module, Python tkinter.Tk, Python tkinter.Frame, Python tkinter.Button, Python tkinter.Label, Python tkinter.Entry, Python tkinter.Text, Python tkinter.Menu, Python tkinter.Canvas, Python tkinter filedialog, Python tkinter messagebox, Python tkinter ttk Widgets, Python turtle Module, Python turtle.Turtle, Python curses Module, Python curses.wrapper, Python sqlite3.Cursor, Python sqlite3.Row, Python sqlite3.RowFactory, memory, Python memoryview.cast, Python bisect.bisect, Python bisect.bisect_left, Python bisect.bisect_right, Python heapq.heappush, Python heapq.heappop, Python heapq.heapify, Python math.factorial, Python math.comb, Python math.perm, Python random.uniform, Python random.gauss, Python random.seed, Python datetime.utcnow, Python datetime.now, Python datetime.strptime, Python datetime.strftime, Python timezone.utc, Python zoneinfo.ZoneInfo, Python re.IGNORECASE, Python re.MULTILINE, Python re.DOTALL, Python re.VERBOSE, Python re.IGNORECASE Flag, Python logging.getLogger, Python logging.addHandler, Python logging.setLevel, Python logging.LoggerAdapter, Python warnings.warn, Python warnings.simplefilter, Python pdb.set_trace, Python pdb.runcall, Python pdb.runctx, Python inspect.isfunction, Python inspect.ismethod, Python inspect.isclass, Python inspect.getsource, Python inspect.getdoc, Python ast.literal_eval, Python compile(source), Python eval(expression), Python exec(statement), Python frozenset Literal, Python memoryview Slice, Python slice.start, Python slice.stop, Python slice.step, Python range.start, Python range.stop, Python range.step, Python enumerate(start), Python zip_longest, Python map(func), Python filter(func), Python reduce(func), Python sum(iterable), Python min(iterable), Python max(iterable), Python all(iterable), Python any(iterable), Python isinstance(obj), Python issubclass(cls), Python dir(object), Python help(object), Python vars(object), Python id(object), Python hash(object), Python ord(char), Python chr(int), Python bin(int), Python oct(int), Python hex(int), Python repr(object), Python ascii(object), Python callable(object), Python format(value), Python globals(), Python locals(), Python super(class), Python breakpoint(), Python input(), Python print(), Python open(filename), Python property(fget), Python classmethod(method), Python staticmethod(method), Python __init__.py, Python __main__.py, Python __init__ Module, Python __main__ Execution, Python __doc__ String, Python setuptools.setup, Python setuptools.find_packages, Python distutils.core.setup, Python wheel bdists, Python pyproject.build, Python pydoc CLI, Python Sphinx conf.py, Python docutils Integration, Python unittest.TextTestRunner, Python unittest.TestLoader, Python unittest.TestSuite, Python unittest.skip, Python unittest.expectedFailure, Python unittest.mock.call, Python unittest.mock.Mock.assert_called_with, Python pytest.mark.skip, Python pytest.mark.xfail, Python pytest.mark.parametrize, Python pytest fixture Scope, Python pytest fixture autouse, Python coverage run, Python coverage erase, Python coverage xml, Python coverage json, Python black line-length, Python black target-version, Python pylint --disable, Python pylint --enable, Python flake8 ignore, Python mypy --ignore-missing-imports, Python mypy --strict, Python bandit -r, Python bandit.config, Python cProfile.run, Python pstats.Stats, Python timeit.timeit, Python timeit.repeat, Python multiprocessing.Pool, Python multiprocessing.Queue, Python multiprocessing.Value, Python multiprocessing.Array, Python subprocess.DEVNULL, Python subprocess.PIPE, Python requests.get, Python requests.post, Python requests.put, Python requests.delete, Python requests.Session, Python requests.adapters, Python asyncio.sleep, Python asyncio.create_task, Python asyncio.gather, Python asyncio.wait, Python asyncio.run_until_complete, Python asyncio.Lock, Python asyncio.Semaphore, Python asyncio.Event, Python asyncio.Condition, Python aiohttp.ClientSession, Python aiohttp.web, Python aiohttp.ClientResponse, Python aiohttp.ClientWebSocketResponse, Python websockets.connect, Python websockets.serve, Python sqlalchemy Engine, Python sqlalchemy Session, Python sqlalchemy ORM, Python sqlalchemy Table, Python sqlalchemy Column, Python sqlalchemy create_engine, Python sqlalchemy select, Python sqlalchemy insert, Python sqlalchemy update, Python sqlalchemy delete, Python sqlalchemy MetaData, Python sqlalchemy text, Python ORM Databases, Python celery Task, Python celery Broker, Python celery Worker, Python celery Beat, Python celery Flower, Python gunicorn wsgi, Python uvicorn ASGI, Python hypercorn ASGI, Python waitress WSGI, Python werkzeug WSGI, Python gevent Hub, Python greenlet, Python eventlet, Python paramiko SSH, Python scp Module, Python fabric task, Python invoke task, Python importlib.metadata, Python toml.load, Python yaml.safe_load, Python yaml.dump, Python pyenv install, Python pyenv global, Python pyenv local, Python pipenv install, Python pipenv run, Python poetry install, Python poetry run, Python poetry publish, Python hatch build, Python hatch run, Python conda install, Python conda create, Python conda activate, Python cffi.FFI, Python ctypes.Structure, Python ctypes.byref, Python ctypes.pointer, Python cProfile.Profile, Python pstats.sort_stats, Python timeit.default_timer, Python zoneinfo.ZoneInfo.from_file, Python xml.dom.minidom.parse, Python xml.dom.minidom.parseString, Python xml.sax.parse, Python xml.sax.ContentHandler, Python configobj.ConfigObj, Python tomli.load, Python yaml.Loader, Python pydoc -w, Python Sphinx autodoc, Python unittest.mock.patch.object, Python unittest.mock.call_args, Python unittest.mock.call_count, Python pytest --maxfail, Python pytest --disable-warnings, Python pytest --last-failed, Python pytest --exitfirst, Python pytest -v, Python pytest -q, Python pytest -s, Python pytest-cov Plugin, Python pytest-xdist Parallel, Python pytest-mock Plugin, Python docker run (Python-based Images), Python fabric.Connection, Python fabric.run, Python fabric.sudo, Python pipenv shell, Python pipenv graph, Python poetry lock, Python poetry update, Python black --check, Python black --diff, Python pylint --rcfile, Python flake8 --max-line-length, Python flake8 --statistics, Python isort --profile black, Python mypy.ini settings, Python bandit.yaml, Python coverage combine, Python coverage html, Python coverage json, Python coverage report

Python: Python Variables, Python Data Types, Python Control Structures, Python Loops, Python Functions, Python Modules, Python Packages, Python File Handling, Python Errors and Exceptions, Python Classes and Objects, Python Inheritance, Python Polymorphism, Python Encapsulation, Python Abstraction, Python Lists, Python Dictionaries, Python Tuples, Python Sets, Python String Manipulation, Python Regular Expressions, Python Comprehensions, Python Lambda Functions, Python Map, Filter, and Reduce, Python Decorators, Python Generators, Python Context Managers, Python Concurrency with Threads, Python Asynchronous Programming, Python Multiprocessing, Python Networking, Python Database Interaction, Python Debugging, Python Testing and Unit Testing, Python Virtual Environments, Python Package Management, Python Data Analysis, Python Data Visualization, Python Web Scraping, Python Web Development with Flask/Django, Python API Interaction, Python GUI Programming, Python Game Development, Python Security and Cryptography, Python Blockchain Programming, Python Machine Learning, Python Deep Learning, Python Natural Language Processing, Python Computer Vision, Python Robotics, Python Scientific Computing, Python Data Engineering, Python Cloud Computing, Python DevOps Tools, Python Performance Optimization, Python Design Patterns, Python Type Hints, Python Version Control with Git, Python Documentation, Python Internationalization and Localization, Python Accessibility, Python Configurations and Environments, Python Continuous Integration/Continuous Deployment, Python Algorithm Design, Python Problem Solving, Python Code Readability, Python Software Architecture, Python Refactoring, Python Integration with Other Languages, Python Microservices Architecture, Python Serverless Computing, Python Big Data Analysis, Python Internet of Things (IoT), Python Geospatial Analysis, Python Quantum Computing, Python Bioinformatics, Python Ethical Hacking, Python Artificial Intelligence, Python Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality, Python Blockchain Applications, Python Chatbots, Python Voice Assistants, Python Edge Computing, Python Graph Algorithms, Python Social Network Analysis, Python Time Series Analysis, Python Image Processing, Python Audio Processing, Python Video Processing, Python 3D Programming, Python Parallel Computing, Python Event-Driven Programming, Python Reactive Programming.

Variables, Data Types, Control Structures, Loops, Functions, Modules, Packages, File Handling, Errors and Exceptions, Classes and Objects, Inheritance, Polymorphism, Encapsulation, Abstraction, Lists, Dictionaries, Tuples, Sets, String Manipulation, Regular Expressions, Comprehensions, Lambda Functions, Map, Filter, and Reduce, Decorators, Generators, Context Managers, Concurrency with Threads, Asynchronous Programming, Multiprocessing, Networking, Database Interaction, Debugging, Testing and Unit Testing, Virtual Environments, Package Management, Data Analysis, Data Visualization, Web Scraping, Web Development with Flask/Django, API Interaction, GUI Programming, Game Development, Security and Cryptography, Blockchain Programming, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Natural Language Processing, Computer Vision, Robotics, Scientific Computing, Data Engineering, Cloud Computing, DevOps Tools, Performance Optimization, Design Patterns, Type Hints, Version Control with Git, Documentation, Internationalization and Localization, Accessibility, Configurations and Environments, Continuous Integration/Continuous Deployment, Algorithm Design, Problem Solving, Code Readability, Software Architecture, Refactoring, Integration with Other Languages, Microservices Architecture, Serverless Computing, Big Data Analysis, Internet of Things (IoT), Geospatial Analysis, Quantum Computing, Bioinformatics, Ethical Hacking, Artificial Intelligence, Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality, Blockchain Applications, Chatbots, Voice Assistants, Edge Computing, Graph Algorithms, Social Network Analysis, Time Series Analysis, Image Processing, Audio Processing, Video Processing, 3D Programming, Parallel Computing, Event-Driven Programming, Reactive Programming.

---

Python Glossary, Python Fundamentals, Python Inventor: Python Language Designer: Guido van Rossum on 20 February 1991; PEPs, Python Scripting, Python Keywords, Python Built-In Data Types, Python Data Structures - Python Algorithms, Python Syntax, Python OOP - Python Design Patterns, Python Module Index, pymotw.com, Python Package Manager (pip-PyPI), Python Virtualization (Conda, Miniconda, Virtualenv, Pipenv, Poetry), Python Interpreter, CPython, Python REPL, Python IDEs (PyCharm, Jupyter Notebook), Python Development Tools, Python Linter, Pythonista-Python User, Python Uses, List of Python Software, Python Popularity, Python Compiler, Python Transpiler, Python DevOps - Python SRE, Python Data Science - Python DataOps, Python Machine Learning, Python Deep Learning, Functional Python, Python Concurrency - Python GIL - Python Async (Asyncio), Python Standard Library, Python Testing (Pytest), Python Libraries (Flask), Python Frameworks (Django), Python History, Python Bibliography, Manning Python Series, Python Official Glossary - Python Glossary - Glossaire de Python - French, Python Topics, Python Courses, Python Research, Python GitHub, Written in Python, Python Awesome List, Python Versions. (navbar_python - see also navbar_python_libaries, navbar_python_standard_library, navbar_python_virtual_environments, navbar_numpy, navbar_datascience)