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Pakistan history
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- Snippet from Wikipedia: History of Pakistan
The history of Pakistan preceding the country's independence in 1947 is shared with that of neighbouring Afghanistan, India, Iran and Tibet. Spanning the western expanse of the Indian subcontinent and the eastern borderlands of the Iranian plateau, the region of contemporary Pakistan served both as the fertile ground of a major civilization and as the gateway of South Asia to Central Asia and the Near East.
Situated on the first coastal migration route of Homo sapiens out of Africa, the region was inhabited early by modern humans. The 9,000-year history of village life in South Asia traces back to the Neolithic (7000–4300 BCE) site of Mehrgarh in Pakistan, and the 5,000-year history of urban life in South Asia to the various sites of the Indus Valley Civilisation, including Mohenjo Daro and Harappa.
The ensuing millennia saw the region of present-day Pakistan absorb diverse influences. Several ancient empires left their mark in the region, such as the Achaemenid, the Maurya, the Indo-Greek, the Indo-Scythian, the Indo-Parthian, the Kushan, the Apracha and the Odi in Gandhara, the Huna and the Takka; as did, after the Islamic Conquest, the Umayyad, the Ghaznavid, the Ghurid, the Delhi Sultanate, and the Mughal, before the modern period. During the medieval period, dynasties originating from the modern-day country ruled various areas in and around Pakistan, including the Patola, the Odi, the Soomra, the Samma, the Qambrani, the Langah, the Sayyid and the Lodi of Delhi Sultanate, the Gibari, the Shah Miri, the Maqpon, the Kalhora, the Talpur, the Gichki, the Sukerchakia, and the Daudpotra, among others.
Gradually, in the first half of the 19th century, the region came under suzerainty of the East India Company through conquests and subsidiary alliances. Company Raj was replaced by the direct crown rule, the British Raj, after 1858. In the early decades of the 20th-century, Muslim nationalism gained momentum in the predominantly Muslim population and intelligentsia, and the Pakistan Movement, led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, ended with the partition of British holdings in 1947 and the establishment of the dominions of Pakistan and India. The heritage of the country is represented among others in the ancient, mainly Hindu-Buddhist, sites of Taxila, and Takht-i-Bahi, the 14th-century Islamic-Sindhi monuments of Thatta, and the 17th-century Mughal monuments of Lahore.
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