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See also: Encapsulation

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• C plus plus Encapsulation | C++ Encapsulation

TLDR: Encapsulation is a fundamental concept in object-oriented programming that involves bundling data (fields) and methods (functions) that operate on that data within a single class, restricting direct access to some of the object's components. This practice improves modularity, maintains data integrity, and provides a controlled interface for interaction. By hiding the internal implementation details, encapsulation enforces abstraction and enhances software maintainability.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encapsulation_(computer_programming)

In Java, encapsulation is typically implemented using access modifiers like `private`, `protected`, and `public`. Declaring fields as `private` prevents external classes from directly modifying them, while getter and setter methods provide controlled access. For example, a `private` variable `balance` in a `BankAccount` class can be accessed or updated via methods `getBalance()` and `setBalance(double amount)`, ensuring validation and security.

https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/javaOO/accesscontrol.html

Encapsulation promotes modular design by isolating the internal workings of a class, allowing changes to its implementation without affecting external code. This separation reduces dependencies and enhances reusability. Additionally, it supports data integrity by ensuring that objects remain in a valid state, as access to their fields is mediated through controlled methods. Proper use of encapsulation is vital for creating robust, scalable, and secure software systems.

https://docs.oracle.com/javase/specs/jls/se20/html/jls-8.html

Snippet from Wikipedia: Encapsulation

Encapsulation may refer to:

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Encapsulation (computer programming) is the combination of program code and data, and/or restriction (hide) of access to data except through dedicated code