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Return to Understanding and Using C Pointers

• & (ampersand), address of operator, Address of Operator, Pointer Notation and Arrays

• * (asterisk)

• indirection (dereference) operator, Dereferencing a Pointer Using the Indirection Operator, Pointer Operators, Dynamic Memory Allocation, Misuse of the Dereference Operator–Misuse of the Dereference Operator

in pointer declaration, Declaring Pointers, Pointer Operators, Misuse of the Dereference Operator–Misuse of the Dereference Operator

• {} (braces), in array initialization, One-Dimensional Arrays, Two-Dimensional Arrays, Multidimensional Arrays

• [] (brackets), in array declarations, One-Dimensional Arrays, Two-Dimensional Arrays, Multidimensional Arrays

• “ ” (double quotes), enclosing string literals, String Declaration

• = (equal sign) - assignment operator, Using malloc with static and global pointers

initialization operator, Using malloc with static and global pointers

• == (equal sign, double), equality operator, Pointer Operators

• != (exclamation point, equal sign), inequality operator, Pointer Operators

• < (left angle bracket), less than operator, Pointer Operators

• ⇐ (left angle bracket, equal sign), less than or equal operator, Pointer Operators

• - (minus sign), subtraction operator, Pointer Operators

• → (minus sign, right angle bracket), points-to operator, Pointer Operators, Introduction

• () (parentheses) - enclosing data type to cast, Pointer Operators

in pointer to function declarations, Pointers to Functions, Declaring Function Pointers

• + (plus sign), addition operator, Pointer Operators

• > (right angle bracket), greater than operator, Pointer Operators

• >= (right angle bracket, equal sign), greater than or equal operator, Pointer Operators

• ' ' (single quotes), enclosing character literals, String Fundamentals

• 0 (zero) - assigned to pointers, The Concept of Null, To NULL or not to NULL

as overloaded, To NULL or not to NULL

• activation records or frames (see stack frames)

• addition operator (+), Pointer Operators

• address of operator (&), Address of Operator, Pointer Notation and Arrays

Address Space Layout Randomization (ASLR), Security Issues and the Improper Use of Pointers aliasing, Dangling Pointer Examples, Copying Strings, Aliasing, Strict Aliasing, and the restrict Keyword–Using the restrict Keyword alloca function, The alloca Function and Variable Length Arrays ampersand (&), address of operator, Address of Operator, Pointer Notation and Arrays arithmetic operators, Pointer Operators, Pointer Arithmetic–Subtracting two pointers arrays, Pointers and Arrays–Multidimensional Arrays accessing memory outside of, Accessing Memory Outside the Bounds of an Array–Accessing Memory Outside the Bounds of an Array array notation for, Pointer Notation and Arrays–Pointer Notation and Arrays, Using malloc to Create a One-Dimensional Array, Using Array Notation–Using Pointer Notation, Pointers and Multidimensional Arrays, Passing a Multidimensional Array of characters, strings declared as, String Declaration compared to pointers, Pointers and Arrays, Quick Review of Arrays compared to pointers to arrays, Differences Between Arrays and Pointers declaration of, One-Dimensional Arrays–Multidimensional Arrays of function pointers, Using an Array of Function Pointers–Using an Array of Function Pointers initialization of, One-Dimensional Arrays, Two-Dimensional Arrays, Multidimensional Arrays jagged, Jagged Arrays and Pointers–Jagged Arrays and Pointers multidimensional, Multidimensional Arrays passing to functions, Passing a Multidimensional Array–Passing a Multidimensional Array pointers to, Pointers and Multidimensional Arrays–Pointers and Multidimensional Arrays one-dimensional, One-Dimensional Arrays–One-Dimensional Arrays, Using malloc to Create a One-Dimensional Array, Using a One-Dimensional Array of Pointers–Using a One-Dimensional Array of Pointers passing to functions, Passing a One-Dimensional Array–Using Pointer Notation pointer notation for, Pointer Notation and Arrays–Pointer Notation and Arrays, Using malloc to Create a One-Dimensional Array, Using Pointer Notation–Using Pointer Notation, Using a One-Dimensional Array of Pointers, Pointers and Multidimensional Arrays, Passing a Multidimensional Array of pointers, Using a One-Dimensional Array of Pointers–Using a One-Dimensional Array of Pointers pointers to, Pointer Notation and Arrays–Differences Between Arrays and Pointers using pointers as, Using malloc to Create a One-Dimensional Array, Dynamically Allocating a Two-Dimensional Array–Jagged Arrays and Pointers resizing, Using the realloc Function to Resize an Array–Using the realloc Function to Resize an Array size of, Quick Review of Arrays, One-Dimensional Arrays, Two-Dimensional Arrays, Differences Between Arrays and Pointers, Calculating the Array Size Incorrectly–Calculating the Array Size Incorrectly sorting, Function Pointers and Strings–Function Pointers and Strings two-dimensional, Two-Dimensional Arrays–Two-Dimensional Arrays, Dynamically Allocating a Two-Dimensional Array–Allocating Contiguous Memory VLA (Variable Length Array), The alloca Function and Variable Length Arrays–The alloca Function and Variable Length Arrays ASLR (Address Space Layout Randomization), Security Issues and the Improper Use of Pointers assert function, Dealing with Uninitialized Pointers assert.h file, Dealing with Uninitialized Pointers assignment operator (, Using malloc with static and global pointers asterisk (*) indirection (dereference) operator, Dereferencing a Pointer Using the Indirection Operator, Pointer Operators, Dynamic Memory Allocation, Misuse of the Dereference Operator–Misuse of the Dereference Operator in pointer declaration, Declaring Pointers, Pointer Operators, Misuse of the Dereference Operator–Misuse of the Dereference Operator automatic memory, Pointers and Memory automatic variables (see local variables)

• block statements, stack used by, Organization of a Stack Frame

Bounded Model Checking application, Bounded Pointers

• bounded pointers, Bounded Pointers

• braces ({}), in array initialization, One-Dimensional Arrays, Two-Dimensional Arrays, Multidimensional Arrays

• brackets ([]), in array declarations, One-Dimensional Arrays, Two-Dimensional Arrays, Multidimensional Arrays

• buffer overflow, Pointer Usage Issues

array misuse causing, Accessing Memory Outside the Bounds of an Array–Calculating the Array Size Incorrectly dangling pointers causing, Dangling Pointers dereference operator misuse causing, Misuse of the Dereference Operator–Misuse of the Dereference Operator function pointer misuse causing, Function Pointer Issues–Function Pointer Issues malloc failure causing, Test for NULL pointer arithmetic on structures causing, Pointer Arithmetic and Structures–Pointer Arithmetic and Structures pointer type mismatch causing, Always Match Pointer Types–Always Match Pointer Types sizeof operator misuse causing, Misusing the sizeof Operator string misuse causing, String Security Issues–String Security Issues byte strings, String Fundamentals

• C data types

char data type, String Fundamentals intptr_t type, Using intptr_t and uintptr_t–Using intptr_t and uintptr_t memory models for, Memory Models size_t type, Understanding size_t–Understanding size_t uintptr_t type, Using intptr_t and uintptr_t–Using intptr_t and uintptr_t union of, Aliasing, Strict Aliasing, and the restrict Keyword, Using a Union to Represent a Value in Multiple Ways–Using a Union to Represent a Value in Multiple Ways wchar_t data type, String Fundamentals

• C specification, pointer behavior not defined in, Why You Should Become Proficient with Pointers

callback functions, Odds and Ends, Accessing Memory using DMA, Using Function Pointers to Support Callbacks–Using Function Pointers to Support Callbacks calloc function, Dynamic Memory Allocation Functions, Using the calloc Function–Using the calloc Function casting, Pointer Operators, Casting Pointers–Casting Pointers endianness, determining, Determining the Endianness of a Machine function pointers, Casting Function Pointers–Casting Function Pointers integer to pointer to an integer, Address of Operator with malloc function, To cast or not to cast pointer to an integer, Using intptr_t and uintptr_t ports, accessing, Accessing a Port–Accessing a Port special purpose addresses, accessing, Accessing a Special Purpose Address–Accessing a Special Purpose Address CERT organization, Security Issues and the Improper Use of Pointers cfree function, Using the calloc Function char data type, String Fundamentals character literals, String Fundamentals, Initializing a pointer to a char characters array of, strings declared as, String Declaration pointers to, String Declaration, Aliasing, Strict Aliasing, and the restrict Keyword code examples, permission to use, Using Code Examples command-line arguments, Passing Arguments to an Application–Passing Arguments to an Application compact expressions, Why You Should Become Proficient with Pointers comparison operators, Pointer Operators, Comparing Pointers–Comparing Pointers, Comparing Function Pointers–Comparing Function Pointers compilers, Preface (see also specific compilers) problems detected by, Using Static Analysis Tools–Using Static Analysis Tools compound literals, arrays using, Jagged Arrays and Pointers–Jagged Arrays and Pointers constant pointers assigning NULL to, Assigning NULL to a Freed Pointer to constants, Constant pointers to constants–Constant pointers to constants to nonconstants, Constant pointers to nonconstants–Constant pointers to nonconstants pointers to, Pointer to (constant pointer to constant) constants declaring string literals as, When a string literal is not a constant pointers to, Pointers to a constant–Pointers to a constant, Passing a Pointer to a Constant–Passing a Pointer to a Constant contact information for this book, How to Contact Us conventions used in this book, Conventions Used in This Book

• C dangling pointers, Assigning NULL to a Freed Pointer, Dangling Pointers–Debug Version Support for Detecting Memory Leaks, Dangling Pointers

data corruption returning pointers to local data causing, Pointers to Local Data writing outside of memory block causing, Dynamic Memory Allocation Data Execution Prevention (DEP), Security Issues and the Improper Use of Pointers data types (see C data types) declaration of arrays, One-Dimensional Arrays–Multidimensional Arrays declaration of pointers, Declaring Pointers–How to Read a Declaration to functions, Pointers to Functions, Declaring Function Pointers–Declaring Function Pointers improper, Improper Pointer Declaration–Improper Pointer Declaration reading, How to Read a Declaration declaration of strings, String Declaration–String Declaration declaration of structures, Introduction–Introduction

1. define directive, Improper Pointer Declaration

denial of service attack, Pointer Usage Issues, Double Free DEP (Data Execution Prevention), Security Issues and the Improper Use of Pointers dereferencing pointers, Dereferencing a Pointer Using the Indirection Operator errors involving, Dynamic Memory Allocation, Misuse of the Dereference Operator–Misuse of the Dereference Operator multiple levels of indirection, Multiple Levels of Indirection–Multiple Levels of Indirection, Pointer to (constant pointer to constant) null pointers, The Concept of Null DMA (Direct Memory Access), Accessing Memory using DMA dot notation, Introduction double free, Double Free–Double Free, Double Free double pointers (see multiple levels of indirection) double quotes (“ ”), enclosing string literals, String Declaration dynamic memory, Pointers and Memory, Dynamic Memory Management in C–Dynamic Memory Management in C allocating, Why You Should Become Proficient with Pointers, Dynamic Memory Allocation–Dynamic Memory Allocation, Dynamic Memory Allocation Functions–The alloca Function and Variable Length Arrays amount allocated, Determining the amount of memory allocated for arrays, Using malloc to Create a One-Dimensional Array, Dynamically Allocating a Two-Dimensional Array–Allocating Contiguous Memory checking return value of, Test for NULL failure to, Failing to allocate memory in a function, Returning a Pointer–Returning a Pointer deallocating, Why You Should Become Proficient with Pointers, Dynamic Memory Allocation, Dynamic Memory Allocation, Using the calloc Function, Deallocating Memory Using the free Function–Freeing Memory upon Program Termination after returning from a function, Returning a Pointer at application termination, Freeing Memory upon Program Termination assigning NULL after, Assigning NULL to a Freed Pointer, Double Free availability to application, The Heap and System Memory clearing sensitive data when, Clearing Sensitive Data exception handling for, Using Exception Handlers failure to, hidden memory leaks from, Hidden memory leaks garbage collection for, Garbage Collection in C RAII for, Resource Acquisition Is Initialization–Resource Acquisition Is Initialization referencing pointer following (see dangling pointers) twice, Double Free–Double Free, Double Free writing your own function for, Writing your own free function–Writing your own free function managing your own pool of, Avoiding malloc/free Overhead–Avoiding malloc/free Overhead

• endianness, Casting Pointers, Determining the Endianness of a Machine

equal sign ( assignment operator, Using malloc with static and global pointers initialization operator, Using malloc with static and global pointers equal sign, double (=, equality operator, Pointer Operators exception handling, Using Exception Handlers exclamation point, equal sign (!, inequality operator, Pointer Operators

• far pointers, Using intptr_t and uintptr_t

fonts used in this book, Conventions Used in This Book format string attack, String Security Issues fprintf function, String Security Issues free function, Why You Should Become Proficient with Pointers, Dynamic Memory Allocation, Dynamic Memory Allocation, Dynamic Memory Allocation Functions, Deallocating Memory Using the free Function–Deallocating Memory Using the free Function at application termination, Freeing Memory upon Program Termination assigning NULL after, Assigning NULL to a Freed Pointer, Double Free clearing sensitive data when, Clearing Sensitive Data not used, hidden memory leaks from, Hidden memory leaks overhead incurred by, Avoiding malloc/free Overhead–Avoiding malloc/free Overhead referencing pointer following (see dangling pointers) used twice (double free), Double Free–Double Free, Double Free writing your own, Writing your own free function–Writing your own free function function pointers, Function Pointers–Casting Function Pointers array of, Using an Array of Function Pointers–Using an Array of Function Pointers calling, Using a Function Pointer–Using a Function Pointer casting, Casting Function Pointers–Casting Function Pointers comparing, Comparing Function Pointers–Comparing Function Pointers declaration of, Pointers to Functions, Declaring Function Pointers–Declaring Function Pointers improper use of, Function Pointer Issues–Function Pointer Issues passing as parameters, Passing Function Pointers–Passing Function Pointers, Function Pointers and Strings–Function Pointers and Strings performance of, Function Pointers returning from a function, Returning Function Pointers functions, Preface (see also specific functions) callback functions, Odds and Ends, Accessing Memory using DMA, Using Function Pointers to Support Callbacks–Using Function Pointers to Support Callbacks parameters of (see parameters) returning function pointers from, Returning Function Pointers returning pointers from, Returning a Pointer–Pointers to Local Data returning strings from, Returning Strings–Returning the address of a local string stack used by, Pointers and Functions–Organization of a Stack Frame

• C garbage collection, Garbage Collection in C

• GCC compiler

memory leak detection, Debug Version Support for Detecting Memory Leaks modification of string literals, When a string literal is not a constant string pooling turned off for, The String Literal Pool -Wall option, reporting compiler warnings, Using Static Analysis Tools gets function, String Security Issues global memory, Pointers and Memory global pointers, Global and static pointers, Using malloc with static and global pointers global variables, Dynamic Memory Management in C, Using malloc with static and global pointers

• GNU compiler

dlmalloc, Dynamic Memory Allocation Technologies

• RAII support, Resource Acquisition Is Initialization–Resource Acquisition Is Initialization

• greater than operator (>), Pointer Operators

• greater than or equal operator (>, Pointer Operators

• handles, compared to pointers, Casting Pointers

• heap, Program Stack–Program Stack

corruption of double free causing, Double Free writing outside of memory block causing, Dynamic Memory Allocation detecting problems with, Debug Version Support for Detecting Memory Leaks dynamic memory allocated from (see dynamic memory)

• heap managers, Dynamic Memory Allocation Technologies–Using Exception Handlers

• hidden memory leaks, Hidden memory leaks

• Hoard malloc, Dynamic Memory Allocation Technologies

• huge pointers, Using intptr_t and uintptr_t

• hyphen (-) (see minus sign (-))

indirection (dereference) operator (*), Preface, Dereferencing a Pointer Using the Indirection Operator, Pointer Operators, Dynamic Memory Allocation, Misuse of the Dereference Operator–Misuse of the Dereference Operator (see also dereferencing) inequality operator (!, Pointer Operators inheritance, Polymorphism in C–Polymorphism in C initialization of pointers, Address of Operator–Address of Operator failure to, Failure to Initialize a Pointer Before It Is Used–Dealing with Uninitialized Pointers, Using Static Analysis Tools to NULL, Dealing with Uninitialized Pointers initialization operator (, Using malloc with static and global pointers integers, casting to a pointer to an integer, Address of Operator intptr_t type, Using intptr_t and uintptr_t–Using intptr_t and uintptr_t J jagged arrays, Jagged Arrays and Pointers–Jagged Arrays and Pointers L left angle bracket (<), less than operator, Pointer Operators left angle bracket, equal sign (⇐), less than or equal operator, Pointer Operators less than operator (<), Pointer Operators less than or equal operator (⇐), Pointer Operators linked lists, Single-Linked List–Single-Linked List implementing as arrays, Why You Should Become Proficient with Pointers implementing as pointers, Why You Should Become Proficient with Pointers local variables returning pointers to, Pointers to Local Data–Pointers to Local Data stack used by, Dynamic Memory Management in C, Program Stack, Organization of a Stack Frame, Organization of a Stack Frame lvalue, required to be modifiable, Dereferencing a Pointer Using the Indirection Operator, Differences Between Arrays and Pointers M macro definitions, declaring pointers using, Improper Pointer Declaration malloc function, Why You Should Become Proficient with Pointers, Dynamic Memory Allocation–Dynamic Memory Allocation, Dynamic Memory Allocation Functions–Using malloc with static and global pointers checking return value of, Test for NULL creating arrays using, Using malloc to Create a One-Dimensional Array, Dynamically Allocating a Two-Dimensional Array–Allocating Contiguous Memory implementations of, Dynamic Memory Allocation Technologies initializing strings using, Initializing a pointer to a char overhead incurred by, Avoiding malloc/free Overhead–Avoiding malloc/free Overhead for returning a pointer from a function, Returning a Pointer–Returning a Pointer malloca function, The alloca Function and Variable Length Arrays memory automatic memory, Pointers and Memory dynamic memory (see dynamic memory) global memory, Pointers and Memory heap (see heap) lifetime of, Pointers and Memory scope of, Pointers and Memory special purpose addresses, accessing, Accessing a Special Purpose Address–Accessing a Special Purpose Address stack (see stack) static memory, Pointers and Memory types of, Pointers and Memory virtual memory addresses, Virtual memory and pointers memory leaks, Memory Leaks–Hidden memory leaks detecting, Debug Version Support for Detecting Memory Leaks failure to deallocate returned pointers causing, Returning a Pointer hidden, Hidden memory leaks lost address causing, Losing the address structure pointers not deallocated causing, Structure Deallocation Issues memory models, for C data types, Memory Models memset function, Using the calloc Function, Accessing a Special Purpose Address Microsoft compiler exception handling, Using Exception Handlers malloca function, The alloca Function and Variable Length Arrays memory management, Debug Version Support for Detecting Memory Leaks minus sign (-), subtraction operator, Pointer Operators minus sign, right angle bracket (→), points-to operator, Pointer Operators, Introduction Mudflap Libraries, Debug Version Support for Detecting Memory Leaks multiple levels of indirection, Multiple Levels of Indirection–Multiple Levels of Indirection, Pointer to (constant pointer to constant) N near pointers, Using intptr_t and uintptr_t NUL ASCII character, The Concept of Null, To NULL or not to NULL, String Fundamentals NULL assigning to constant pointers, Assigning NULL to a Freed Pointer assigning to freed pointer, Assigning NULL to a Freed Pointer initializing pointers with, Dealing with Uninitialized Pointers NULL macro, The Concept of Null null pointers, The Concept of Null–To NULL or not to NULL, Passing Null Pointers O %o field specifier, printf function, Displaying Pointer Values object-oriented type support, Odds and Ends, Object-Oriented Techniques–Polymorphism in C opaque pointers for, Creating and Using an Opaque Pointer–Creating and Using an Opaque Pointer polymorphism and inheritance, Polymorphism in C–Polymorphism in C opaque pointers, Creating and Using an Opaque Pointer–Creating and Using an Opaque Pointer OpenBSD malloc, Dynamic Memory Allocation Technologies operators, Pointer Operators–Comparing Pointers arithmetic operators, Pointer Operators, Pointer Arithmetic–Subtracting two pointers comparison operators, Pointer Operators, Comparing Pointers–Comparing Pointers list of, Pointer Operators overloading of zero (0), To NULL or not to NULL P %p field specifier, printf function, Displaying Pointer Values–Displaying Pointer Values parameters passed by pointer, Passing and Returning by Pointer–Passing Data Using a Pointer passed by value, Passing and Returning by Pointer, Passing Data by Value passing a pointer to a pointer as, Passing a Pointer to a Pointer–Writing your own free function passing arrays as, Passing a One-Dimensional Array–Using Pointer Notation passing function pointers as, Passing Function Pointers–Passing Function Pointers passing multidimensional arrays as, Passing a Multidimensional Array–Passing a Multidimensional Array passing null pointers to, Passing Null Pointers passing pointers to constants as, Passing a Pointer to a Constant–Passing a Pointer to a Constant passing strings as, Pointers and Strings, Passing Strings–Passing a String to Be Initialized stack used by, Organization of a Stack Frame, Organization of a Stack Frame parentheses ¹⁾ enclosing data type to cast, Pointer Operators in pointer to function declarations, Pointers to Functions, Declaring Function Pointers plus sign (+), addition operator, Pointer Operators pointer arithmetic, Pointer Arithmetic with arrays, Pointer Notation and Arrays not using with structures, Pointer Arithmetic and Structures–Pointer Arithmetic and Structures on pointers to void, Pointers to void and addition pointers, Introduction–Pointers and Memory aliasing, Dangling Pointer Examples, Copying Strings, Aliasing, Strict Aliasing, and the restrict Keyword–Using the restrict Keyword arrays of, Using a One-Dimensional Array of Pointers–Using a One-Dimensional Array of Pointers to arrays, Pointer Notation and Arrays–Differences Between Arrays and Pointers using as arrays, Using malloc to Create a One-Dimensional Array, Dynamically Allocating a Two-Dimensional Array–Jagged Arrays and Pointers benefits of, Why You Should Become Proficient with Pointers–Why You Should Become Proficient with Pointers bounded pointers, Bounded Pointers to characters, String Declaration, Aliasing, Strict Aliasing, and the restrict Keyword compared to arrays, Pointers and Arrays, Quick Review of Arrays compared to handles, Casting Pointers to constant char, passing strings as, Passing a Pointer to a Constant char constant pointers assigning NULL to, Assigning NULL to a Freed Pointer to constants, Constant pointers to constants–Constant pointers to constants to nonconstants, Constant pointers to nonconstants–Constant pointers to nonconstants to constant pointers, Pointer to (constant pointer to constant) to constants, Pointers to a constant–Pointers to a constant, Passing a Pointer to a Constant–Passing a Pointer to a Constant dangling pointers, Assigning NULL to a Freed Pointer, Dangling Pointers–Debug Version Support for Detecting Memory Leaks, Dangling Pointers data types for, Predefined Pointer-Related Types–Using intptr_t and uintptr_t declaration of, Declaring Pointers–How to Read a Declaration improper, Improper Pointer Declaration–Improper Pointer Declaration reading, How to Read a Declaration dereferencing, Dereferencing a Pointer Using the Indirection Operator errors involving, Dynamic Memory Allocation, Misuse of the Dereference Operator–Misuse of the Dereference Operator multiple levels of indirection, Multiple Levels of Indirection–Multiple Levels of Indirection, Pointer to (constant pointer to constant) null pointers, The Concept of Null to functions, Function Pointers–Casting Function Pointers arrays of, Using an Array of Function Pointers–Using an Array of Function Pointers calling, Using a Function Pointer–Using a Function Pointer casting, Casting Function Pointers–Casting Function Pointers comparing, Comparing Function Pointers–Comparing Function Pointers declaration of, Pointers to Functions, Declaring Function Pointers–Declaring Function Pointers improper use of, Function Pointer Issues–Function Pointer Issues passing as parameters, Passing Function Pointers–Passing Function Pointers, Function Pointers and Strings–Function Pointers and Strings performance of, Function Pointers returning from a function, Returning Function Pointers global pointers, Global and static pointers, Using malloc with static and global pointers improper use of, detecting, Using Static Analysis Tools–Using Static Analysis Tools initialization of, Address of Operator–Address of Operator failure to, Failure to Initialize a Pointer Before It Is Used–Dealing with Uninitialized Pointers, Using Static Analysis Tools to NULL, Dealing with Uninitialized Pointers memory for (see dynamic memory) to multidimensional arrays, Pointers and Multidimensional Arrays–Pointers and Multidimensional Arrays null pointers, The Concept of Null–To NULL or not to NULL, Passing Null Pointers opaque pointers, Creating and Using an Opaque Pointer–Creating and Using an Opaque Pointer operators for, Pointer Operators–Comparing Pointers parameters passed by, Passing and Returning by Pointer–Passing Data Using a Pointer to pointers, passing as parameters, Passing a Pointer to a Pointer–Writing your own free function potential problems with, Why You Should Become Proficient with Pointers–Why You Should Become Proficient with Pointers returning from functions, Returning a Pointer–Pointers to Local Data size of, Pointer Size and Types–Using intptr_t and uintptr_t smart pointers, Bounded Pointers static pointers, Global and static pointers, Using malloc with static and global pointers structures implemented using, Using Pointers to Support Data Structures–Using Pointers to Support Data Structures linked lists, Single-Linked List–Single-Linked List queues, Using Pointers to Support a Queue–Using Pointers to Support a Queue stacks, Using Pointers to Support a Stack–Using Pointers to Support a Stack trees, Using Pointers to Support a Tree–Using Pointers to Support a Tree to structures, declaration of, Introduction types of, matching, Always Match Pointer Types–Always Match Pointer Types, Using Static Analysis Tools undefined behavior of, Why You Should Become Proficient with Pointers validation function for, Bounded Pointers value of (an address) before initialization, Declaring Pointers displaying, Displaying Pointer Values–Virtual memory and pointers losing, memory leaks from, Losing the address as virtual memory address, Virtual memory and pointers to void, Pointer to void–Pointer to void, Pointers to void and addition wild pointers, Failure to Initialize a Pointer Before It Is Used–Dealing with Uninitialized Pointers zero (0) assigned to, The Concept of Null, To NULL or not to NULL points-to operator (→), Pointer Operators, Introduction polymorphism, Polymorphism in C–Polymorphism in C ports, accessing, Accessing a Port–Accessing a Port printf function field specifiers for displaying pointer values, Displaying Pointer Values–Displaying Pointer Values user-supplied format strings, not using, String Security Issues program stack (see stack) program termination address of zero (0) causing, Address of Operator buffer overflow causing, Pointer Usage Issues dangling pointers causing, Dealing with Dangling Pointers dereferencing null pointer causing, The Concept of Null double free causing, Double Free freeing memory at, Freeing Memory upon Program Termination invalid address causing, Declaring Pointers memory leaks causing, Memory Leaks, Hidden memory leaks stack overflow causing, Organization of a Stack Frame string initialized with character literal causing, Initializing a pointer to a char uninitialized pointers causing, Failure to Initialize a Pointer Before It Is Used Q queues, Using Pointers to Support a Queue–Using Pointers to Support a Queue quotes (see double quotes; single quotes) R RAII (Resource Acquisition Is Initialization), Resource Acquisition Is Initialization–Resource Acquisition Is Initialization realloc function, Dynamic Memory Allocation Functions, Using the realloc Function–Using the realloc Function, Using the realloc Function to Resize an Array–Using the realloc Function to Resize an Array restrict keyword, Using the restrict Keyword–Using the restrict Keyword return-to-libc attack, Security Issues and the Improper Use of Pointers right angle bracket (>), greater than operator, Pointer Operators right angle bracket, equal sign (>, greater than or equal operator, Pointer Operators runtime system, Dynamic Memory Management in C S scanf_s function, String Security Issues security, Security Issues and the Improper Use of Pointers–Security Issues and the Improper Use of Pointers ASLR, Security Issues and the Improper Use of Pointers buffer overflow (see buffer overflow) CERT organization, Security Issues and the Improper Use of Pointers clearing sensitive data, Clearing Sensitive Data denial of service attack, Pointer Usage Issues, Double Free DEP, Security Issues and the Improper Use of Pointers format string attack, String Security Issues malicious code inserted in memory, Security Issues and the Improper Use of Pointers, Pointer Usage Issues, Double Free return-to-libc attack, Security Issues and the Improper Use of Pointers stack overflow, Organization of a Stack Frame, Pointer Usage Issues VTable, exploitation of, Dangling Pointers single quotes (' '), enclosing character literals, String Fundamentals sizeof operator, Using the sizeof operator with pointers–Using the sizeof operator with pointers, Dynamic Memory Allocation for arrays, One-Dimensional Arrays with arrays, Two-Dimensional Arrays, Differences Between Arrays and Pointers improper use of, Misusing the sizeof Operator with pointers to void, Pointer to void size_t type, Understanding size_t–Understanding size_t smart pointers, Bounded Pointers snprintf function, String Security Issues special purpose addresses, accessing, Accessing a Special Purpose Address–Accessing a Special Purpose Address stack, Pointers and Functions–Organization of a Stack Frame, Using Pointers to Support a Stack–Using Pointers to Support a Stack alloca and malloca using, The alloca Function and Variable Length Arrays block statements using, Dangling Pointer Examples, Organization of a Stack Frame local variables using, Dynamic Memory Management in C, Program Stack, Organization of a Stack Frame, Organization of a Stack Frame parameters using, Organization of a Stack Frame, Organization of a Stack Frame threads using, Organization of a Stack Frame VLAs using, The alloca Function and Variable Length Arrays stack frames, Program Stack, Organization of a Stack Frame–Organization of a Stack Frame stack overflow, Organization of a Stack Frame, Pointer Usage Issues standard input, initializing strings from, Initializing a string from standard input static analysis tools, Using Static Analysis Tools–Using Static Analysis Tools static memory, Pointers and Memory static pointers, Global and static pointers, Using malloc with static and global pointers static variables, Dynamic Memory Management in C malloc not used for, Using malloc with static and global pointers returning pointers to, Pointers to Local Data stddef.h file, The Concept of Null stdio.h file, The Concept of Null, Understanding size_t stdlib.h file, The Concept of Null, Understanding size_t, Dynamic Memory Allocation Functions strcat function, Concatenating Strings–Concatenating Strings, String Security Issues strcat_s function, String Security Issues strcmp function, Comparing Strings strcpy function, Initializing an array of char, Copying Strings–Copying Strings, String Security Issues strcpy_s function, String Security Issues strict aliasing, Aliasing, Strict Aliasing, and the restrict Keyword, Strict Aliasing–Strict Aliasing string literal pool, The String Literal Pool–When a string literal is not a constant string literals, String Declaration declaring as a constant, When a string literal is not a constant memory location for, The String Literal Pool–When a string literal is not a constant modifying, When a string literal is not a constant string.h file, String Fundamentals strings, Pointers and Strings–Summary of string placement byte strings, String Fundamentals character literals, String Fundamentals comparing, Comparing Strings–Comparing Strings, Function Pointers and Strings–Function Pointers and Strings concatenating, Concatenating Strings–Concatenating Strings copying, Copying Strings–Copying Strings declared as array of characters, String Declaration initializing, Initializing an array of char–Initializing an array of char passing to functions, Passing a Simple String declared as pointer to a character, String Declaration initializing, Initializing a pointer to a char–Initializing a pointer to a char passing to functions, Passing a Simple String declared as string literal, String Declaration initialization of, String Initialization–Initializing a string from standard input, Passing a String to Be Initialized–Passing a String to Be Initialized length of, String Fundamentals, Initializing a pointer to a char memory location of, Summary of string placement passing as command-line arguments, Passing Arguments to an Application–Passing Arguments to an Application passing to functions, Pointers and Strings, Passing Strings–Passing a String to Be Initialized returning from functions, Returning Strings–Returning the address of a local string wide strings, String Fundamentals writing to memory outside of, String Security Issues–String Security Issues strlcat function, String Security Issues strlcpy function, String Security Issues strlen function, Initializing a pointer to a char strncat function, String Security Issues strncpy function, String Security Issues struct keyword, Introduction structures, Pointers and Structures–Introduction declaration of, Introduction–Introduction dot notation for, Introduction freeing, hidden memory leaks from, Hidden memory leaks implementing with pointers, Using Pointers to Support Data Structures–Using Pointers to Support Data Structures linked lists, Single-Linked List–Single-Linked List memory allocation for, How Memory Is Allocated for a Structure–How Memory Is Allocated for a Structure deallocation issues with, Structure Deallocation Issues–Structure Deallocation Issues managing yourself, Avoiding malloc/free Overhead–Avoiding malloc/free Overhead pointer arithmetic used with, Pointer Arithmetic and Structures–Pointer Arithmetic and Structures pointers to, declaration of, Introduction points-to operator for, Introduction queues, Using Pointers to Support a Queue–Using Pointers to Support a Queue stacks, Using Pointers to Support a Stack–Using Pointers to Support a Stack trees, Using Pointers to Support a Tree–Using Pointers to Support a Tree subtraction operator (-), Pointer Operators syslog function, String Security Issues T TCMalloc, Dynamic Memory Allocation Technologies threads, Odds and Ends, Threads and Pointers–Using Function Pointers to Support Callbacks callback functions using, Using Function Pointers to Support Callbacks–Using Function Pointers to Support Callbacks sharing pointers between, Sharing Pointers Between Threads–Sharing Pointers Between Threads stack used by, Organization of a Stack Frame trees, Using Pointers to Support a Tree–Using Pointers to Support a Tree type punning, Using a Union to Represent a Value in Multiple Ways typedefs declaration of pointers using, Improper Pointer Declaration declaration of structures using, Introduction U uintptr_t type, Using intptr_t and uintptr_t–Using intptr_t and uintptr_t union of data types, Aliasing, Strict Aliasing, and the restrict Keyword, Using a Union to Represent a Value in Multiple Ways–Using a Union to Represent a Value in Multiple Ways V Variable Length Array (see VLA) virtual memory addresses, Virtual memory and pointers VLA (Variable Length Array), The alloca Function and Variable Length Arrays–The alloca Function and Variable Length Arrays, Using the realloc Function to Resize an Array void, pointers to, Pointer to void–Pointer to void, Pointers to void and addition volatile keyword, Accessing a Port VTable (Virtual Table), exploitation of, Dangling Pointers W wchar.h file, String Fundamentals wchar_t data type, String Fundamentals website resources C specification, Why You Should Become Proficient with Pointers for this book, How to Contact Us wide strings, String Fundamentals wild pointers, Failure to Initialize a Pointer Before It Is Used–Dealing with Uninitialized Pointers wscanf_s function, String Security Issues

• %x field specifier, printf function, Displaying Pointer Values

• zero (0)

assigned to pointers, The Concept of Null, To NULL or not to NULL as overloaded, To NULL or not to NULL

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