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“ (RCook 2019)

! (logical negation) operator, Solution != (inequality) operator, Discussion, Solution

1. beginning comment lines, Discussion, Discussion, Solution
2. ! (shebang) line, Discussion
   1. ending comment lines, Solution

% (percent sign) in format strings for dates, Discussion %% (modulo) operator, Discussion, Solution %*% (matrix multiplication) operator, Discussion, Problem, Discussion %/% (integer division) operator, Discussion, Discussion %>% (pipe) operator, Discussion, Solution, Solution, Discussion, Discussion %in% (contained in) operator, Discussion %…% (binary) operator, Discussion, Solution & (logical and) operator, Discussion, Solution, Using & instead of &&, or vice versa; same for | and || && (short-circuit and) operator, Solution, Using & instead of &&, or vice versa; same for | and || () (parentheses) enclosing an assignment, Solution enclosing conditions in if-else statement, Solution enclosing function parameters, Solution grouping with, Writing 1:n+1 when you mean 1:(n+1), Solution in function calls, Forgetting the parentheses after a function invocation

• (asterisk)

multiplication and inclusion of constituent terms, Discussion multiplication operator, Discussion, Solution + (plus sign) connecting graphical elements in ggplot2, Discussion connecting graphical elements in patchwork, Solution continuation prompt, Discussion, Incorrectly continuing an expression across lines unary plus or addition operator, Discussion, Solution , (comma) as decimal mark, Discussion separator, Discussion, Discussion, Discussion - (unary minus, subtraction) operator, Discussion, Discussion, Solution using minus before variable names with select, Discussion — text beginning/ending with, in R Markdown documents, Solution —- ending comment lines, Solution → (assignment) operator, Discussion, Solution →> (assignment) operator, Solution . (dot) dot operator, Discussion indicating missing values, Discussion names beginning with, Discussion, Discussion View tab in RStudio, Discussion / (division) operator, Discussion, Solution / (forward slash) in patchwork groupings, Solution selecting year and month ranges, Discussion / (forward slash) as path separator, Using a single backslash (\) in Windows paths, Solution : (colon) operator, Discussion, Discussion, Discussion, Discussion :: (double colon) operator, Discussion ; (semicolon) separators, Discussion < (less than) operator, Discussion, Solution ← (assignment) operator, Solution, Solution mistakes with, Mistyping “←” as “<(space)-” «- (assignment) operator, Discussion, Solution ⇐ (less than or equal to) operator, Discussion, Solution = (assignment) operator, Discussion, Solution == (equality) operator, Discussion, Solution mistaking = operator for, Using = instead of == ==== ending comment lines, Solution

(command prompt), Discussion, Incorrectly continuing an expression across lines
(greater than) operator, Discussion, Discussion, Solution
= (greater than or equal to) operator, Discussion, Solution

? (help) operator, Solution ?? (search shortcut), Solution r_cookbook_index (list indexing), Writing lst[n] when you mean lstn or vice versa, Discussion, Lists, Data Frames, Discussion accessing single list elements, Discussion in list expressions, List expressions, List expressions [] (square brackets) accessing contents in data frames, Data Frames accessing list elements, Lists extracting sublists with, Discussion in list expressions, List expressions, List expressions in subsetting, Solution vector indexing, Discussion \ (backslash) in Windows paths, Using a single backslash (\) in Windows paths, Solution \n (newline) character, Discussion
(double backslash), escaping single backslash, Using a single backslash (\) in Windows paths, Solution

{} (curly braces) enclosing code blocks, Solution enclosing function body, Solution

~ (tilde) in formulas, Discussion, Discussion, Discussion

abline function, Solution ACF (see autocorrelation function) acf function, Solution ADF (Augmented Dickey-Fuller ) test, Discussion adf.test function, Discussion, Discussion adfTest function, Discussion aesthetics, Notes on ggplot2 Basics aes function, Solution fill parameter of aes function, Discussion grouping parameters in aes function, Discussion passing name of categorical variable to aes, Solution shape parameter of aes function, Solution Alt key combinations, Discussion alternative hypothesis, Null Hypotheses, Alternative Hypotheses, and p-Values Amazon Web Services (AWS), Discussion analysis of variance (ANOVA), ANOVA comparing linear models with, Problem-Discussion creating an interaction plot, Problem-Discussion finding differences between means of groups, Problem-Discussion on differences between groups, Discussion one-way, ANOVA performing, Problem-See Also robust, performing (Kruskal-Wallis test), Problem table, ANOVA, Discussion anonymous functions, Problem anova function, ANOVA, Solution aov function, Discussion, Discussion, Solution append function, Discussion inserting data into a vector, Solution Applied Linear Regression Models (Kutner et al.), See Also apply family of functions, Data Transformations apply function, Solution, Discussion apply.monthly function, Discussion args function, Solution arguments, Discussion function, taking from a list, Problem-Discussion help with, Solution mistakenly passing multiple arguments to single-argument function, Passing multiple arguments to a single-argument function arima function, Solution, Discussion, Solution arithmetic operations on time series data, Solution on vectors, Problem-See Also operator precedence, Solution arm package, See Also arrange function, Solution arrays, Arrays as.character function, Discussion, Discussion, Solution as.complex function, Discussion as.data.frame function, Solution, Solution using with map, Discussion as.Date function, Classes for Dates and Times, Solution, Solution as.integer function, Discussion as.list function, Solution as.logical function, Discussion as.matrix function, Solution, Solution as.numeric function, Discussion as.POSIXct function, Classes for Dates and Times as.POSIXlt function, Classes for Dates and Times, Solution as.vector function, Solution, Discussion, Solution as.xts function, Solution as.zoo function, Solution ASCII dataset stored in, An Example drawing tables using ASCII characters, Discussion saving in ASCII format, Solution writing tabular data to ASCII file in CSV format, Discussion assignment → (assignment) operator, Discussion ← (assignment) operator, Solution «- (assignment) operator, Discussion = (assignment) operator, Discussion data elements to a vector, Discussion populating list elements via, Discussion printing results of, Problem as_tibble function, Discussion atomic values/data types, Problem attr function, Solution attributes attributes Base R function, Discussion stripping from variables, Problem augment function, Discussion, Solution Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test, Discussion, Discussion authentication to MySQL databases, Discussion author, setting for R Markdown document, Solution auto.arima function, Solution, Discussion, Discussion, Solution autocorrelation testing residuals for, Problem-See Also testing time series for, Problem autocorrelation function (ACF), Discussion, Discussion graphing for residuals, Solution plotting for a time series, Problem-Discussion autoplot function, Discussion, Discussion autoregression (AR) coefficients in ARIMA model, Discussion autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model, Discussion, Discussion fitting to a time series, Problem-See Also making forecasts from, Problem removing insignificant coefficients, Problem running diagnostics on, Problem-Discussion averages, Discussion, Discussion (see also mean; mean function) computing moving average of a time series, Problem

background grid of ggplot graphics, changing, Problem-See Also bandwidth parameter in smoothing data, Discussion bar charts adding confidence intervals, Problem-Discussion coloring or shading, Problem-Discussion creating, Solution-See Also Base R documentation, Discussion batch scripts, running, Problem-See Also Beamer (PDF-based format), Discussion Bernoulli trials, generating random sequence of, Discussion beta distributions, Discussion beyond basics (see techniques, advanced) binary data binary-valued variable, predicting, Problem-See Also save function writing, Solution binary operators defining your own, Problem special meanings inside regression formulas, Discussion bind_rows function, Discussion binning data, Problem binomial coefficients, Discussion binomial distribution, Names of Distributions cumulative probability function pbinom, Solution density function dbinom, Solution pbinom function, Discussion bins (in histograms), Discussion blogdown package, R Markdown and Publishing body of a function, Solution bookdown package, R Markdown and Publishing Boolean values, Discussion boot function, Solution boot.ci function, Discussion bootstrap procedures, See Also bootstrapping a statistic, Problem-See Also sampling with replacement, Discussion bootstrap replications, Discussion bootstrap samples, Discussion Box.test function, Solution boxcox function, Solution-Problem boxplots creating, Problem-See Also creating one for each factor level, Problem-Discussion of clusters, Discussion Box–Cox procedure, Solution-Problem Box–Pierce test for autocorrelation, Solution broom library, Discussion, Solution bulleted lists, Solution

c operator, Discussion, Passing multiple arguments to a single-argument function, Solution, Solution calendar period, applying function to time series by, Problem-Problem call by value, Simple Programming CALL statements (SQL), Discussion canonical correlation, Discussion car package, Solution, Discussion Cartesian product, Problem, Problem-See Also case or switch statements, Simple Programming case_when function, Discussion, See Also cat function, Discussion flattening a list into a vector for, Discussion redirecting output to file with file argument, Solution redirecting output to file with sink function, Discussion using format function with, Discussion categorical variables, Factors, Problem, Discussion (see also factors) in ggplot boxplot, Solution testing for independence, Problem cbind function, Discussion, Discussion, Solution, Solution, Discussion Ccf function, Solution character data, Discussion, Discussion (see also strings) converting atomic values to, Solution in creation of data frames vs. tibbles, Factors in data frames, Factors in data frames map_chr function, Discussion using character strings for switch labels, Discussion checkresiduals function, Solution chi-squared test, Solution chisq.test function, See Also choose function, Solution chooseCRANmirror function, Solution chron package, Classes for Dates and Times classes defining abstract type of objects, Class: Abstract Type for dates and time, Classes for Dates and Times deciding which to select, Classes for Dates and Times revealing object's class with class function, Solution cloud, installing R and RStudio in, Problem cluster and multiprocess, remote plan using, Discussion-Discussion clusters, finding in data, Problem-See Also CMD BATCH subcommand, Solution Cmd key combinations, Discussion code controlling results shown in R Markdown documents, Problem inserting R code in R Markdown document, Solution reindenting automatically, Problem timing running of, Problem-Problem using sections, Problem code blocks options controlling display in R Markdown, Solution running in R scripts, See Also saving in a script, Solution code chunks, Solution coefficients, Linear Regression and ANOVA, Discussion (see also regression coefficients) autoregression (AR) coefficients in ARIMA model, Discussion calculating coefficient of variation, Discussion for ARIMA model fitted to time series, Discussion for ARIMA model, removing insignificant coefficients, Problem moving average coefficients, Discussion coefplot function, See Also coin toss, Discussion generating random sequence of, Discussion collect function, Solution colnames attribute, Solution colon operator (see : (colon) operator, under Symbols) colors adding to ggplot bar chart, Problem-Discussion color parameter in geometric object functions, Solution plotting a variable in multiple colors, Problem-See Also specifying for lines in a line chart, Discussion colSums function, Solution columns changing names in data frames, Problem column as sort key for a data frame, Problem creating new column in a data frame based on a condition, Problem-See Also data in, using to initialize a data frame, Problem defining width with read_fwf function, Solution excluding by name in data frames, Problem in data frames, Data Frames in matrices or data frames, applying a function to, Problem-Discussion in tables in R Markdown, setting justification, Discussion merging data frames by a common column, Problem-See Also putting data into and printing, Problem selecting by name in data frames, Problem-See Also selecting by position in data frames, Problem-Matrix-style subscripting selecting one column from a matrix, Solution combinations counting number of, Problem generating, Problem generating all combinations of several variables, Problem-See Also combinations function, See Also combn function, Solution comma-separated values files (see CSV files) command line + prompt, Discussion

prompt, Discussion

editing, Discussion starting R from, using –quiet option, Solution commandArgs function, Discussion commands entering, Solution-Discussion shortcuts, Discussion saving result of previous command, Problem viewing command history, Problem-Discussion comments, Solution comment parameter in read_table2 function, Discussion in read_csv function, Discussion compact function, Solution comparison operators (== != < > ⇐ >, Solution, Solution complex atomic type, Solution computer scientists, meaning of data frames to, Data Frames conditional branch, Problem conditional execution, Simple Programming conditionals creating new column in a data frame based on a condition, Problem-See Also if-else statements, Problem-See Also removing list elements using a condition, Problem-Discussion conditioning plots, Solution conf.level argument, Discussion confidence intervals, Confidence Intervals adding to a bar chart, Problem-Discussion bootstrapping for statistics, Problem-See Also checking for intercepts in regression, Discussion computing limits of, Discussion finding for ARIMA model coefficients, Discussion for ARIMA model coefficients, Discussion for regression coefficients, Discussion, Problem forming for a mean, Problem-Discussion forming for a median, Problem forming for a proportion, Problem of a correlation, Solution confint function, Solution connection to a file, writing output to, Discussion connection to MySQL database, Discussion contained in operator (%in%), Discussion contingency tables, Solution continuation prompt (+), Incorrectly continuing an expression across lines continuous distributions, Names of Distributions calculating probabilities for, Problem quantile functions for, Discussion coord_flip function, Discussion coplot function, See Also cor function, Discussion cor.test function, Solution coredata function, Discussion, Discussion corporate executives, meaning of data frames to, Data Frames correlation autocorrelation function of a time series, Discussion calculating correlation matrix from a data frame, Discussion calculating with cor function, Discussion finding lagged correlations between time series, Problem partial autocorrelation function for time series, Problem-Problem testing for autocorrelation in time series, Problem testing for significance, Problem-Problem covariance, Solution, Discussion calculating with cov function, Discussion CRAN (Comprehensive R Archive Network) CRAN Search, See Also crantastic.org, searching for packages by keyword, Solution distributions in downloadable packages, See Also downloading and installing R from, Solution-See Also installing packages from, Problem-See Also list of task views, Solution package documentation, Getting Started and Getting Help packages for dates and time, Classes for Dates and Times setting or changing default mirror, Problem cross-correlation function, Solution cross-sectional data, tsibble package cross-tabulations (see contingency tables) CSV (comma-separated values) files read.csv function, Discussion reading from, Problem-Discussion reading from the web, Problem writing to, Problem Ctrl key combinations, Discussion cubic spline, Discussion cumsum function, Discussion cumulative probability function, Discussion customizing R startup, Problem-See Also cut function, Solution cutree function, Discussion

dampened sine wave, Discussion data binning, Problem computer-oriented representations of, Discussion displaying partial, Problem entering from the keyboard, Problem finding clusters in, Problem-See Also self-describing, Discussion data frames accessing content of, Data Frames appending rows to, Problem-Problem applying a function to each column, Discussion, Problem-Discussion applying a function to every row, Problem changing names of columns, Problem combining two, Problem comparison to tibbles, Tibbles converting between other structured types, Discussion converting list of vectors to, Solution converting to z-scores, Solution creating new column based on a condition, Problem-See Also creating vs. creating tibbles, Factors in data frames defined, Data Frames different meanings coming from different backgrounds, Data Frames excluding columns by name, Problem flattening, Problem formatting in R Markdown document, Solution functions not understanding, misusing, Misusing a function that does not understand data frames in linear regressions, Discussion initializing from column data, Problem initializing from row data, Problem-See Also merging by common column, Problem-See Also multiple, adding to one plot, Solution removing NA value from, Problem selecting columns by name, Problem-See Also using list expressions, List expressions using matrix-style subscripting, Matrix-style subscripting using select function, Solution selecting columns by position, Problem-Matrix-style subscripting using list expressions, List expressions using matrix-style subscripting, Matrix-style subscripting using select function, Solution sorting, Problem summary of, Discussion summing rows and columns, Problem writing to Excel file, Problem, See Also data function, Solution data structures, Data Structures (see also data frames; factors; lists; matrices; tibbles; vectors) representing time series data, Discussion data transformations (see transformations) data types dynamic, Discussion in vectors, Discussion R as typeless language, Simple Programming structured, converting to another type, Problem-See Also value having atomic type, converting to another, Problem data.frame command, Discussion, Solution converting all factors to characters, Factors in data frames stringsAsFactors parameter, Factors in data frames datapasta package, See Also datasets built-in, viewing, Problem calculating quantiles and quartiles of, Problem example, supplied with R, Discussion factor analysis on, Problem-Discussion Date class, Classes for Dates and Times dates and time, Strings and Dates-Discussion classes for, Classes for Dates and Times deciding which to select, Classes for Dates and Times converting a date into a string, Problem converting a string to a date, Problem converting year, month, and day into a date, Problem creating a sequence of dates, Problem Date object and Date class, Class: Abstract Type dates or datetime in time series analysis, Date Versus Datetime extracting parts of a date, Problem getting the current date, Solution getting the Julian date, Problem indexing time series by date, Solution output of timing code execution, Discussion setting date for R Markdown document, Solution time representation in time series analysis, Discussion vector of, in time series data representation, Solution dbDisconnect function, Discussion dbGetQuery function, Discussion DBI backend packages, Discussion DBI::dbConnect function, Discussion dbinom function, Discussion dbplyr package, accessing a database with, Solution-Problem defensive programming, Discussion degrees of freedom (DOF), Solution delimiters, Problem delimiter argument of strsplit, Discussion dendrograms, Discussion density estimate, adding to histogram, Problem-See Also density function, Discussion plotting for probability distributions, Problem-Discussion dependent variables, Discussion (see also response) detach function, Discussion detecting errors, Discussion devtools package, Solution dice, rolling, finding all combinations of results, Discussion diff function, Discussion, Discussion-Problem, Discussion computing difference of logarithms of prices, Discussion digits, formatting for printing, Problem-See Also dimensions assigning to a vector, Discussion dropping or retaining in selecting row or column from a matrix, Discussion giving to a list, Matrices giving to a vector, Matrices of matrix variable, stored in attribute, Discussion discard function, Discussion discrete distributions, Names of Distributions calculating probabilities for, Problem-See Also density functions and distribution functions for, Discussion quantile functions for, Discussion display options for R code in R Markdown, Discussion dist function, Discussion, Discussion distribution functions, Discussion, Solution distributions getting help on, Getting Help on Probability Distributions names of, Names of Distributions random number generators for, Solution testing two samples for same distribution, Problem do.call function, Discussion Docker, Discussion documentation, Getting Started and Getting Help installing locally, Discussion searching supplied documentation, Problem-See Also supplied with R, viewing, Problem-See Also Documents directory (Windows), profile scripts in, Discussion dpill function, Solution dplyr package, Discussion, Solution arrange function, Solution data transformations with, Data Transformations first and last functions, See Also joins, Discussion rename function, Solution dplyr::count function, Discussion dplyr::lag function, Discussion dput function, Discussion, Solution dump function, Solution durbinWatsonTest function, Discussion Durbin–Watson test, Problem-See Also dwtest function, Solution alternative option, Discussion dynamically typed languages, Discussion

echo option for code display, Solution eigen function, Solution eigenvalues or eigenvectors, calculating, Problem environment variables getting and setting, Problem setting system environment variables, Discussion system environment variable R_HOME, Discussion environments in R search path for functions, Discussion RStudio Environment tab, Discussion equality operator (see ==, under Symbols) equation editor (Microsoft), Discussion error messages, suppressing, Problem error terms (in linear regression), Discussion errors in R code chunks in R Markdown, Discussion protecting against, Problem signaling in code, Problem escaping special characters with backslash, Discussion eval option, Discussion example function, Discussion Excel meaning of data frames to a user, Data Frames nested IF statements, Discussion reading data from files, Problem-See Also writing R data frames to, Problem-See Also executing R in parallel locally, Problem-Discussion remotely, Problem-Discussion expand.grid function, Discussion, Solution exponential distributions, Discussion expressions incorrectly continuing across lines, Incorrectly continuing an expression across lines using in regression formula, Problem-See Also extract2 function, Discussion

F statistic, Discussion, Discussion facets facet_wrap function, Solution functions for, Notes on ggplot2 Basics factanal function, Solution factor analysis, performing, Problem-Discussion factor function, Solution levels argument, Discussion factors, Factors constructing data frames from, Solution conversion of character data to in data frame creation, Factors in data frames, Factors in data frames creating, Problem creating parallel factor from combined vectors, Problem summary of, Discussion tabulating and creating contingency tables, Problem use in building data frames, Data Frames FALSE and TRUE logical values, Discussion faraway package, Discussion fct_order function, Discussion, Discussion files dealing with Cannot Open File in Windows, Problem listing, Problem, See Also with complex or irregular structure, reading data from, Problem-Problem fill in ggplot charts, Discussion filling or padding time series data, Problem-Discussion filter function, Discussion first and last functions, Discussion fitdistr function, Solution fitting ARIMA model to time series, Problem-See Also fixed-width records, reading, Problem-Discussion flexdashboard package, R Markdown and Publishing flextable package, Discussion floating-point numbers map_dbl function, Discussion R formatting for output, Discussion for loops, Simple Programming iterating over vector or list elements, Solution-See Also forcats package, Discussion forecast function, Solution forecast package, Solution, Solution Forecasting: Principles and Practice (Hyndman and Athanasopoulos), See Also forecasts making from an ARIMA model, Problem plotting a time series forecast, Problem format function, Discussion, Solution format strings for dates, Solution converting American-style date to ISO standard, Discussion formatting document text in R Markdown, Problem fpp2 package euretail dataset, Discussion Time-Series object types, Discussion full_join function, Solution, Discussion function definition, using inline, Solution function keyword, Solution functions, Simple Programming accessing in a package, Problem, Discussion applying rolling function to time series, Problem-Discussion applying to time series by calendar period, Problem-Problem arguments, taking from a list, Problem-Discussion assignment statements using «- operator, Discussion computing logarithm or square root of time series, Discussion creating anonymous function, Problem creating pipeline of function calls, Problem-Discussion defining, Problem-See Also defining defaults for parameters, Problem distribution-related, parameter requirements, Names of Distributions extracting regression statistics from linear models, Solution finding relevant functions, Solution finding via the search path, Discussion getting help on, Problem-See Also graphing value of, Solution-See Also local variables in, Problem multiparameter, minimizing or maximizing, Problem-See Also not understanding data frames, Misusing a function that does not understand data frames pure, Data Transformations reusable, creating collection of, Problem searching for help in supplied documentation, Problem-See Also single-argument vs. multiple arguments, Passing multiple arguments to a single-argument function single-parameter, minimizing or maximizing, Problem fUnitRoots package, Discussion furrr package, Solution future_map function, Discussion, Solution

gamma distribution, Discussion dgamma density function, Discussion gather function, Discussion gcd function, Discussion, Discussion geometric object functions, Notes on ggplot2 Basics geom_abline function, Discussion geom_bar function, Solution, Discussion geom_boxplot function, Solution geom_density function, Solution geom_histogram function, Solution geom_hline function, Discussion geom_line function, Solution, Solution linetype. col, and size parameters, Solution geom_point function, Discussion, Discussion, Solution, Solution geom_qq function, Solution, Discussion geom_ribbon function, Discussion geom_segment function, See Also geom_smooth function, Solution, Discussion geom_vline function, Solution getTables function, Discussion getwd command, Solution GGally package, Discussion ggpairs function, Discussion ggplot function, The Illustrations creating smoothed time series data plot, Discussion piping function call results into, Discussion plot in R Markdown, Discussion plotting regression residuals, Discussion, Solution ggplot2 package, Discussion, Graphics defining components of graphs, Notes on ggplot2 Basics long vs. wide data, “Long” Versus “Wide” Data with ggplot notes on the basics, Notes on ggplot2 Basics plotting density function for probability distributions, Problem-Discussion use to plot time series forecast, Solution ggsave function, Solution Git, using, information on, Discussion GitHub installing packages from, Problem patchwork package, Solution R Markdown source for this book, R Markdown and Publishing R Markdown: The Definitive Guide, R Markdown and Publishing using, information on, Discussion glm function, Solution Global Options in RStudio, Discussion global variables, Discussion, Simple Programming local variables and, Discussion Google Cloud Platform, Discussion graphics, Graphics-Graphics in Other Packages (see also plots) common output settings for in R Markdown, Discussion ggplot2 basics, Notes on ggplot2 Basics in packages other than ggplot2, Graphics in Other Packages graphics package, Graphics grid package, See Also grid size, Discussion grouping applying a function to groups of data, Problem patchwork support for, Solution using categorical variables, Factors groups creating scatter plot of multiple groups, Problem-See Also finding differences between means of, Problem-Discussion testing for equal proportions, Problem group_by function, Solution gsub function, Solution gtools package, See Also

haven library, read_sas function, Discussion hclust function, Discussion head function, Discussion, Discussion, Solution, Discussion header lines column names in, Discussion in CSV files, Solution headings, inserting in R Markdown documents, Solution help ? operator, Solution for functions, Problem-See Also for options, Setting options for probability distributions, Getting Help on Probability Distributions for regular expressions, See Also help function, Solution, Discussion searching R mailing lists, Problem searching web for help on R, Problem-See Also sources of, Getting Started and Getting Help help.search function, Solution help.start function, Solution hidden names, Discussion list.files ignoring, Discussion hierarchical cluster dendrogram, Discussion hist function, See Also histograms adding density estimate to, Problem-See Also creating, Problem-See Also history function, Solution home directory locating for R, Problem profile scripts in, Discussion “How to Ask Questions the Smart Way” (Raymond and Moen), See Also HTML generating HTML document from R Markdown document, Problem matrix notation rendered in, Discussion R Markdown output to, Discussion reading data from HTML files, Problem-See Also Slidy and ioslides presentations, Discussion html_table function, Solution-Discussion hypothesis testing, Null Hypotheses, Alternative Hypotheses, and p-Values

I(…) operator, Solution surrounding expressions inside regression formula, Discussion if-else statements, Problem-See Also ifelse function, See Also images image resolution in Word, Discussion saving plots as image in RStudio, Discussion increments in seq function for Date objects, Discussion, Solution in sequences, Discussion indenting code, Problem independent variables, Discussion (see also predictors) indexing creating logical indexing vector to sample every nth element, Solution indexes for xts or zoo objects, Discussion lists, Writing lst[n] when you mean lstn or vice versa, Discussion, Discussion double vs. single brackets, Lists, Discussion scalars, Scalars to select row or column from a matrix, Solution vectors, Discussion-See Also xts or zoo objects, Solution influence.measures function, Solution influential observations, Problem-See Also inner_join function, Solution install.packages function, Solution, Solution installed.packages function, Discussion installing R, Problem-See Also in the cloud, Problem installing RStudio, Problem install_github function, Solution integers converting atomic values to, Solution map_int function, Discussion switch labels, Discussion integrated development environments (IDEs) RStudio, Problem interaction plot, creating, Problem-Discussion interaction terms, Discussion, Discussion generating with stepwise regression, Discussion performing linear regression with, Problem-See Also interaction.plot function, Solution intercepts, Discussion calculating in orthogonal regression, Discussion performing linear regression without intercept, Problem-Discussion interquartile range (IQR), Discussion interrupting R, Problem intersection of all dates, Discussion, Discussion interval probability, Discussion, Discussion is.character predicate, Discussion ISOdate function, Solution ISOdatetime function, Discussion

joins full_join function, Solution inner_join function, Solution left_join function, Solution right_join function, Solution Julian date, getting, Problem

k-nearest neighbors algorithm, Discussion kable function, Solution kable_styling function, Discussion keep function, Discussion kernel density estimation (KDE), Discussion KernSmooth package, Solution keyboard shortcuts, Discussion keyboard, entering data from, Problem keywords (search engine) broadening your search with, Discussion documentation for, Discussion knitr package, Discussion knitting R Markdown documents, R Markdown and Publishing Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, Solution kruskal.test function, ANOVA, Solution Kruskal–Wallis test, Discussion, Problem ks.test function, Solution

labels adding to ggplot graphics, Problem from SAS file read into data frame, Discussion in switch function, Discussion labs function in ggplot, Discussion parameter in cut function, Discussion lag function, Solution lagging a time series, Problem, Discussion, Discussion finding lagged correlations between time series, Problem lambda argument, Discussion lapply function, Discussion last function, Discussion .Last.value variable, Solution LaTeX Beamer and, Discussion excluding from HTML output, Discussion installing distribution on your computer, Discussion Pandoc coercing equations into MS Equation Editor, Discussion passing information from R Markdown to LaTeX rendering engine, Discussion R Markdown document with data table, Discussion using templates to format documents, Discussion ways to enter LaTeX in R Markdown, Solution lattice package, Graphics in Other Packages, See Also histogram function, See Also layers (in ggplot graphics), Notes on ggplot2 Basics lazy evaluation, Simple Programming leading data, Discussion left_join function, Solution legends, adding or removing in ggplot graphics, Problem-Discussion length function, Discussion levels (of factors), Factors, Discussion library function, Discussion, Installing a package but not loading it with library or require, Discussion, Discussion, Discussion, Reproducibility, Classes for Dates and Times using with no arguments to display installed packages, Discussion line charts changing type, width, and color of lines, Problem-Discussion plotting a line from x and y points, Problem-Discussion linear models, Discussion full model, Discussion reduced model, Discussion Linear Models with R (Faraway), See Also linear regression, Linear Regression and ANOVA-Discussion and ANOVA, ANOVA comparing models, using ANOVA, Problem-Discussion creating interaction plot, using ANOVA, Problem-Discussion diagnosing model fit, Problem-Discussion finding best power transformation (BoxCox procedure), Solution-Problem finding differences between means of groups, using ANOVA, Problem-Discussion forming confidence intervals for regression coefficients, Problem forming prediction intervals, Problem getting regression statistics, Problem-See Also identifying influential observations, Problem-See Also multiple, performing, Problem-See Also performing one-way ANOVA, Problem-See Also performing robust ANOVA (Kruskal-Wallis test), Problem performing with interaction terms, Problem-See Also performing without an intercept, Problem-Discussion plotting regression line of a scatter plot, Problem-Discussion plotting regression residuals, Problem predicting new values from the model, Problem regressing on a polynomial, Problem regressing on subset of your data, Problem regressing on transformed data, Problem-Problem regressing only variables highly correlating to your dependent variable, Problem-Problem selecting best regression variables, Problem-Discussion simple, performing, Problem testing residuals for autocorrelation, Problem-See Also understanding the regression summary, Problem-See Also using expression inside a regression formula, Problem-See Also lines newline (\n) character, Discussion vertical or horizontal, adding to ggplot graph, Problem-Discussion Linux / (forward slash) path separator, Using a single backslash (\) in Windows paths Alt and Ctrl key combinations, Discussion exiting RStudio, Windows and most Linux distributions installing R, Linux or Unix shebang line starting with #!, Discussion starting RStudio, Solution Sys.getenv function results, Discussion list expressions using to select columns by name in data frames, List expressions using to select columns by position in data frames, List expressions list function, Solution building name/value association list, Solution-Problem list.files function, Solution-Discussion lists, Lists applying a function to each element, Problem-Discussion applying a function to parallel vectors or lists, Problem-Problem building name/value association list, Problem-Problem bulleted or numbered, inserting in R Markdown documents, Problem-See Also containing vectors or factors, initializing into a data frame, Solution converting between other structured types, Discussion creating a matrix from, Matrices, Arrays creating and populating, Problem-See Also data frames as, Data Frames elements having different modes, Mode: Physical Type elements of different modes (types), Discussion flattening into a vector, Problem indexing, Writing lst[n] when you mean lstn or vice versa, Discussion printing with print function, Discussion removing an element, Problem removing elements using a condition, Problem-Discussion removing NULL elements from, Problem selecting elements by names, Problem selecting elements by position, Problem-Discussion summary of, Discussion tags for list elements, Discussion taking function arguments from, Problem-Discussion using list functions and operators to examine an object, Discussion Ljung–Box test, Discussion, Discussion lm function, Discussion, Linear Regression and ANOVA, Solution, Discussion data parameter, Discussion, Discussion examining return value for object structure, Discussion for multiple linear regressions, Discussion subset parameter, Solution with no intercept, Discussion lmtest package, Solution load function, Solution loading, Discussion loadWorkbook function, Discussion local polynomials, Discussion local variables, Simple Programming creating, Problem locpoly function, Solution, Discussion log function, Discussion, Discussion logarithmic transformations, Discussion, Discussion logical expressions, Discussion logical operators, Discussion mistakes in using, Using & instead of &&, or vice versa; same for | and || logical values, Discussion, Discussion converting other types to, Solution creating logical indexing vector for sampling every nth element, Discussion logistic regression, Problem-See Also long vs. wide data (ggplot), “Long” Versus “Wide” Data with ggplot, Discussion loops, Simple Programming iterating over vector or list elements, Problem-See Also lower.tri function, Discussion ls function, Solution forcing to list hidden names, Discussion using with rm function, Discussion ls.str function, Solution lubridate package, Classes for Dates and Times M Mac systems R search path vs. Unix search path, Discussion shebang line starting with #!, Discussion Sys.getenv function results, Discussion macOS / (forward slash) path separator, Using a single backslash (\) in Windows paths Cmd and Opt key combinations, Discussion exiting RStudio, macOS installing R, Discussion starting RStudio, Solution magrittr package, Discussion, Discussion pipes, Discussion mailing lists for R, Getting Started and Getting Help searching for answer to a question, Problem submitting questions to, Problem-See Also map function, Solution loops and, See Also using with as.data.frame, Discussion map2 function, Solution, Discussion map2_chr function, Discussion map2_dbl function, Discussion map_chr function, Discussion, Discussion map_dbl function, Discussion, Discussion, Discussion, Solution map_df function, Discussion map_int function, Discussion Markdown, Solution (see also R Markdown) MASS package, See Also datasets in, Discussion MASS::fitdistr function, Solution match function, Solution math equations, inserting into R Markdown documents, Solution Mathematical Statistics with Applications (Wackerly et al.), See Also matrices, Matrices %*% multiplication operator, Discussion applying a function to every column, Problem-Discussion applying a function to every row, Problem-Discussion calculating correlation matrix from a data frame, Discussion calculating eigenvalues or eigenvectors, Problem converting between other structured types, Discussion special considerations, Special considerations for matrices converting data frame into, Solution converting to vector, Solution converting to z-scores, Solution correlation and covariance, Discussion flattening into a vector, Discussion giving descriptive names to rows and columns, Problem heterogeneous, creating from heterogeneous list, Arrays initializing, Solution matrix-style subscripting, Matrix-style subscripting, Matrix-style subscripting performing matrix operations, Problem printing with print function, Discussion selecting one row or column from, Problem summary of, Discussion summing rows and columns, Problem use in building data frames, Data Frames matrix function, Solution max function, Passing multiple arguments to a single-argument function mean calculating, Solution-Discussion calculating for clusters, Discussion calculating in ggplot, Discussion comparing for two samples, Problem-See Also confidence interval for, Confidence Intervals finding differences between means of groups, Problem-Discussion forming confidence interval for, Problem-Discussion in example data for linear regression, Example Data in ggplot graph line, Discussion mean function, Discussion, Passing multiple arguments to a single-argument function pairwise comparisons between group means, Problem-Discussion rolling mean, Discussion testing mean of a sample, Problem mean function, Discussion, Discussion, Solution applying to each column of a matrix, Discussion collapsing data frames to matrices for, Discussion mean reversion, testing time series for, Problem-See Also mean_se function, Discussion median calculating, Problem calculating for samples, Discussion forming confidence interval for, Problem merge function, Discussion messages, suppressing, Problem-See Also, Discussion metadata about R Markdown document, Solution Microsoft Word generating Word document from R Markdown document, Problem-Discussion equations in Word, Discussion graphics and charts in Word, Discussion tables in Word, Discussion R Markdown output to, Discussion tables in R Markdown output to, Discussion Min and Max regression residuals, Discussion min function, Passing multiple arguments to a single-argument function minimum or maximum finding, Problem maximizing multiparameter functions, Solution maximizing single-parameter functions, Solution minimizing multiparameter functions, Solution minimizing single-parameter functions, Problem using min and max functions for index values, Discussion missing values, Discussion (see also NA values) mistakes (common), avoiding, Problem-Posting a question to Stack Overflow or the mailing list before searching for the answer mm/dd/yyyy date format, Discussion mode function, Mode: Physical Type, Solution models comparing linear models using ANOVA, Problem-Discussion evaluating with ANOVA, ANOVA extracting information from linear models using functions, Discussion linear models, Linear Regression and ANOVA model object returned by lm function, Discussion modes, Mode: Physical Type different modes in list elements, Discussion of vector elements, Discussion, Vectors mondate package, Classes for Dates and Times moving average (MA) coefficients, Discussion MS Equation Editor, Discussion multiprocess and cluster, remote plan using, Discussion-Discussion mutate function, Solution, Discussion mysql client program, Discussion MySQL databases reading from, Problem-Problem RMySQL DBI backend package, Discussion N n:m expressions, Solution NA (not available) values, Discussion filling in, html_table function, Discussion in read_table2 function, Discussion in vectors, Discussion removing from data frame, Problem removing from list by defining a predicate for discard, Discussion replacing in time series data, Discussion na.approx function, Discussion na.locf function, Discussion na.omit function, Solution removal of entire rows, Discussion na.pad setting, Discussion na.spline function, Discussion Nabble, Solution name/value association lists, Problem-Problem names changing for columns in data frames, Problem excluding columns by, in data frames, Problem for list elements, Lists, Discussion getting with names function, Discussion given by lm function to regression coefficients, Discussion giving to matrix rows and columns, Problem indexing vectors by, Discussion selecting data frame columns by, Problem-See Also selecting list elements by, Discussion nchar function, Solution negative indexes, Discussion nonparametric statistics, Discussion, Discussion normal distributions, Discussion, Example Data and prediction intervals' response to non-normal distributions, Discussion creating normal Q-Q plot, Problem-See Also distribution function pnorm, Solution example random data using rnorm function, Discussion functions for, Names of Distributions plotting the density function, Solution quantile function qnorm, Solution random number generator, Discussion testing data sample for normality, Problem nortest package, Discussion not available values (see NA values) null hypothesis, Null Hypotheses, Alternative Hypotheses, and p-Values NULL values assigning to attributes property of variables, Solution assigning to list elements, Solution in vectors, Discussion removing from list by defining a predicate for discard, Discussion removing NULL elements from a list, Problem number of trials, Solution numbered lists, Solution numeric data converting atomic values to, Solution generating combinations of numbers, Discussion O object orientation, Simple Programming objects choice of object class, Time Series Analysis class defining abstract type, Class: Abstract Type mode, Mode: Physical Type revealing structure of, Problem-Discussion saving and transporting R objects, Problem-See Also stripping attributes from, Discussion observations, Discussion influential, identifying in linear model, Problem-See Also oneway.test function, ANOVA, Solution-See Also openxlsx package, Discussion operator precedence, Problem-See Also operators having special meaning in regression formulas, Discussion user-defined, Discussion Opt key combinations, Discussion optim function, Solution-See Also optimize function, Solution options function, Solution, Setting options digits parameter, changing default for, Discussion ordinary least-squares (OLS) algorithm, Discussion orthogonal regression, Problem-See Also outer function, Solution outlierTest function, Solution output CMD BATCH subcommand, to file, Discussion redirecting to file, Problem Rscript output to stdout, Discussion output format for R Markdown documents, Solution P p-values, Null Hypotheses, Alternative Hypotheses, and p-Values, Solution, Solution, Solution, Solution in linear model, Discussion pacf function, Discussion packages accessing functions in, Problem-Discussion creating your own package of R functions, See Also datasets in, Discussion documentation, Getting Started and Getting Help, Discussion for dates and time, on CRAN, Classes for Dates and Times from CRAN, installing, Problem-See Also from GitHub, installing, Problem full name of functions in, Discussion getting help on, using help function, Solution installed, not loading with library or require, Installing a package but not loading it with library or require installed, viewing list of, Problem loaded, displaying via search path, Problem-See Also loading in profile scripts, Reproducibility relevant, finding, Problem paired data pairwise combinations of strings, Problem plotting pairs of variables, Problem-Discussion paired observations, Solution, Solution creating scatter plot for, Problem-See Also pairwise comparisons between group means, Problem-Discussion parallel minimum and parallel maximum for vector elements, Discussion pairwise.t.test function, Solution Pandoc, Discussion, Discussion Pandoc Markdown Guide, See Also parallel maximum (pmax function), Solution parallel minimum (pmin function), Solution parallelization executing R in parallel locally, Problem-Discussion executing R in parallel remotely, Problem-Discussion parameterized report, creating in R Markdown, Problem-Problem parameters in function definitions, Solution setting default values for, Solution partial autocorrelation function (PACF), plotting for time series, Problem-Problem paste function, Discussion using with outer function, Solution patchwork package, Solution PATH environment variable, Discussion patterns, Discussion (see also regular expressions) using in searches of supplied documentation, Solution pbinom function, Discussion PDF generating PDF document from R Markdown document, Problem Knit to PDF (Beamer), Discussion matrix notation rendered in, Discussion R Markdown output to, Discussion Pearson correlation, Discussion permutations permutation function, See Also random permutation of a vector, Problem pexp function, Discussion pi, Scalars simulating, Discussion, Discussion pipe operator (%>%), Solution pipes creating pipeline of function calls, Problem-Discussion piping object to RStudio viewer, Discussion using magrittr pipes for linear model, Discussion plain-text files, R Markdown documents, Discussion plan function, Discussion plot function, Discussion, Discussion, Discussion, Solution plots adding confidence intervals to a bar chart, Problem-Discussion adding or removing a grid, Solution-See Also adding or removing legends in ggplot, Problem-Discussion adding title and labels, Problem adding vertical or horizontal lines, Problem-Discussion applying themes in ggplot, Problem-Discussion boxplot of clusters, Discussion changing type, width, and color of lines, Problem-Discussion coloring or shading a bar chart, Problem-Discussion creating a bar chart, Solution-See Also creating a boxplot, Problem-See Also creating a scatter plot, Problem-See Also creating interaction plot, Problem-Discussion creating normal quantile-quantile (Q-Q) plot, Problem-See Also creating one boxplot for each factor level, Problem-Discussion creating one scatter plot for each group of data, Problem-See Also creating quantile-quantile (Q-Q) plots in other distributions, Problem-Discussion creating scatter plot of multiple groups, Problem-See Also density function for probability distributions, Problem-Discussion displaying several on one page, Problem-See Also graphing value of a function, Problem-See Also graphs from running checkresiduals on ARIMA model, Discussion hierarchical cluster dendrogram, Discussion histogram, adding density estimate to, Problem-See Also inserting into R Markdown output document, Problem-Problem common output settings, Discussion enlarging output to full page, Discussion shrinking with out.width, Discussion multiple datasets in one plot, Problem-Discussion of autocorrelation function of time series, Problem-Discussion of detrended time series, Discussion of paired variables, Problem-Discussion of partial autocorrelation function for time series, Problem-Problem of smoothed time series, Discussion of time series data, Problem of time series forecast, Problem plotting a line from x and y points, Problem-Discussion plotting ACF of linear model residuals, Solution plotting linear model object, Solution plotting regression line of a scatter plot, Problem-Discussion plotting regression residuals, Discussion, Problem plotting TukeyHSD function returns, Discussion plotting variables in multiple colors, Problem-See Also saving to file in ggplot, Problem using function call pipelines, Discussion volatility plot for prices, Discussion plot_layout function, Solution pmap function, Solution, Discussion pmax function, Solution pmin function, Solution pnorm function, Solution point plots, Discussion poly function, Solution raw = TRUE parameter, Discussion polynomial, regressing on, Problem POSIXct class, Classes for Dates and Times POSIXct object, Solution POSIXlt class, Classes for Dates and Times POSIXlt object, Solution possibly function, Solution power transformation, finding the best, Solution-Problem ppoints function, Solution Practical Regression and ANOVA Using R (Faraway), Discussion prcomp function, Solution, Discussion precedence, operator, Problem-See Also for user-defined operators, Discussion predicates defining for discard function, Discussion in data.frame function, Factors in data frames predict function, Solution, Solution interval parameter, Solution predictions forming prediction intervals, Problem predicting a binary-valued variable, Problem-See Also predicting new values from linear model, Problem predictors, Linear Regression and ANOVA, Discussion, Solution choosing best subset, Discussion-Discussion in linear model formulas, Discussion interaction between, plotting, Problem-Discussion multiple, specifying in linear regression formula, Solution removing low-correlation variables from, Discussion presentation, creating from R Markdown document, Problem-Discussion principal component analysis (PCA), Problem, Discussion, Discussion print function digits parameter, Solution redirecting output to file with sink function, Solution printing data in columns, Problem fewer digits or more digits, Problem ggplot plots, Discussion multiple items with cat function, Discussion print function methods for different object classes, Class: Abstract Type results of an assignment, Problem single items with print function, Problem probability, Probability-Discussion calculating for continuous distributions, Problem calculating for discrete distributions, Problem-See Also converting probabilities to quantiles, Problem-See Also, Discussion counting number of combinations, Problem distributions getting help on, Getting Help on Probability Distributions names of, Names of Distributions generating combinations, Problem generating random numbers, Problem-Discussion generating random permutation of a vector, Problem generating random samples, Solution generating random sequences, Problem generating reproducible random numbers, Problem plotting a density function, Problem-Discussion proc.time function, Discussion profile scripts, Solution reproducibility issues with, Reproducibility programming, simple, Simple Programming-See Also creating a local variable, Problem creating an anonymous function, Problem creating collection of reusable functions, Problem defining functions, Problem-See Also if-else statements, Problem-See Also iterating with a loop, Problem-See Also protecting against errors, Problem reindenting code automatically, Problem signaling errors, Problem switch function, choosing among multiple alternatives, Problem projects, creating in RStudio, Problem-Discussion prop.test function, Solution, Solution, Solution proportions equal, testing groups for, Problem forming confidence interval for, Problem testing for a sample, Problem pseudomedian, Discussion pure functions, Data Transformations purrr package, Discussion compact function, Solution data transformations with, Data Transformations map family of functions, Discussion other functions protecting against errors, See Also possibly function, Discussion tutorials on, See Also Q q (quit) function, macOS, Discussion qexp function, Discussion qnorm function, Solution qt function, Solution quantile function, Solution quantile-quantile (Q-Q) plots creating non-normal distribution Q-Q plots, Problem-Discussion creating normal Q-Q plot, Problem-See Also quantiles calculating for a dataset, Problem converting probabilities to, Problem-See Also inverting, Problem quantmod package, See Also quartiles, Discussion calculating for a dataset, Solution questions searching mailing list archives for answers to, Problem submitting to R community, Problem-See Also –quiet command line option, Solution quietly function, See Also R R meaning of data frames to a programmer, Data Frames technical details for programming, Simple Programming R Data Import/Export guide, See Also R for Data Science (Wickham), Graphics in Other Packages R Graphics (Murrell), Graphics R Graphics Cookbook (Chang), Graphics R Markdown, Discussion, R Markdown and Publishing-See Also adding title, author, or date to a document, Problem-Problem creating a new document, Problem-Discussion creating a parameterized report, Problem-See Also ecosystem as well as a package, R Markdown and Publishing formatting document text, Problem generating HTML output, Problem generating Microsoft Word output, Problem-Discussion generating PDF output, Problem generating presentation output, Problem-Discussion inserting math equations into documents, Solution inserting plots into output documents, Problem-Problem inserting section headings in documents, Solution inserting table of data into a document, Problem inserting tables into documents, Problem-See Also organizing your workflow, Problem creating R package for reused logic, Create an R package for reused logic keeping focus on content and source logic, Keep R Markdown focused on content, and source logic naming Project directories, Name directories intuitively using RStudio Projects, Use RStudio Projects passing information to LaTeX rendering engine, Discussion showing output from R code in a document, Problem random numbers, generating, Problem-Discussion pseudorandom number generation in R, Example Data reproducible random numbers, Problem randomness, checking a sequence for, Solution range function, Discussion rate parameter (exponential distribution), Discussion rbind function, Discussion, Discussion, Solution inputs as mix of tibbles and data frames, Discussion rbinom function, Discussion RColorBrewer package, Discussion RDBMS systems, R reading from, See Also read.csv function, wrapping with possibly, Discussion read.xlsx function, Discussion readLines function, Solution readr package, benefits of using, Discussion read_csv function, Solution-Discussion, Discussion reading CSV data from the web, Solution read_csv2 function, Discussion read_fwf function, Solution-Discussion read_html function, Solution-Discussion read_rds function, See Also read_sas function, Discussion read_table function, Discussion read_table2 function, Solution-Discussion reading tabular data from the web, Solution records, fixed-width, reading, Problem-Discussion recovering from errors, Discussion recursive functions, Discussion Recycling Rule, Discussion, Getting bitten by the Recycling Rule combining pmin and pmax functions with, Discussion understanding, Problem-Problem regression, Linear Regression and ANOVA (see also linear regression) logistic, Problem-See Also performing simple orthogonal regression, Problem-See Also regression coefficients, Discussion, Discussion and autocorrelation of residuals, Discussion confidence intervals for, Discussion forming confidence intervals for, Problem from linear models, Linear Regression and ANOVA in multiple linear regressions, Discussion information about, extracted from linear model, Discussion slope, Discussion regular expressions, Discussion as delimiters in splitting a string, Discussion matching files in specific pattern, Discussion using in substring substitutions, Discussion relative frequencies, Problem removeTable function, Discussion rename function, Solution render function, Discussion reorder function, Discussion rep function, Solution repeat loops, Simple Programming reporting errors, Discussion repos option, Solution reprex package, See Also reproducible examples, Solution-See Also require function, Installing a package but not loading it with library or require, Discussion resid function, Discussion residuals checking for ARIMA model, Discussion from linear model, Discussion in linear model, Discussion plotting regression residuals, Problem plotting with ggplot, Discussion statistics on regression residuals, Discussion testing for autocorrelation, Problem-See Also response, Linear Regression and ANOVA, Discussion in linear model formulas, Discussion regressing on variables highly correlating with, Problem-Problem return statements, Discussion return values, Simple Programming, Discussion reusable code snippets, Discussion RHOME subcommand, Discussion right_join function, Solution rm function, Discussion Rmetrics, Classes for Dates and Times RMySQL package, Solution rnorm function, Discussion rollapply function, Discussion, Solution rolling mean, Discussion rollmean function, Solution rownames attribute, Solution rows appending to a data frame, Problem-Problem applying a function to each matrix row, Problem-Discussion applying a function to each row in data frames, Problem initializing a data frame from row data, Problem-See Also selecting one row from a matrix, Solution rowSums function, Solution rowwise operation, Solution Rscript program, Solution RSeek, Discussion, Solution RSiteSearch function, Discussion RSQLite package, Solution RStudio changing CRAN mirror, Solution code editing features, See Also community discussion board, Discussion, Solution creating a new project, Problem-Discussion creating a new R Markdown document, Solution creating and editing R Markdown documents, R Markdown and Publishing deleting variables in Environment Pane, Discussion exiting, Problem Files pane, Discussion getting help in, Solution indenting code blocks in, Solution installing, Problem installing in the cloud, Problem installing packages from CRAN, Solution Knit to HTML, Solution Knit to PDF, Solution Knit to Word, Solution Knit: Presentation, Solution Knitr menu, Knit with Parameters, Solution, Discussion Projects, Use RStudio Projects R Markdown cheat sheet, See Also R Markdown presentation formats, Solution shortcuts, Discussion starting, Solution-Discussion viewer, interactive, Discussion RStudio Desktop (see RStudio) runif function, Solution runs, Discussion runs.test function, Solution rvest package, Solution R_HOME environment variable, Solution R² coefficient of determination, Discussion S safely function, See Also safe_read function, Discussion sample function, Discussion, Solution random permutation of a vector, Solution samples comparing locations nonparametrically, Problem sampling a dataset by selecting every nth element, Discussion testing for same distribution, Problem testing mean of, Problem testing sample proportion, Problem sampling with replacement, Discussion sapply function, Discussion SAS meaning of data frames to a user, Data Frames reading data from files, Problem-See Also sas7bdat package, Solution save function, Solution save.image function, Discussion saving function definitions to file, Discussion images to file in ggplot, Solution objects in R, Solution-Discussion on exiting RSpace, Discussion result of previous command, Problem value in a variable, Solution workspace in RStudio, Problem scalars, Scalars comparing a vector to a scalar, Discussion operations between vectors and, Discussion, Discussion scale function, Solution scale_fill_brewer function, Discussion scan function, Discussion-Problem scatter plots creating for paired observations, Problem-See Also creating of multiple groups, Problem-See Also creating one plot for each group, Problem-See Also of paired variables, Problem-Discussion plotting regression line of, Problem-Discussion scripts redirecting output to file with sink function, Discussion running, Problem running a batch script, Problem-See Also sd function, Discussion search engine, accessing in R documentation, Discussion, See Also searches broadending by using keywords, Discussion finding minimums or maximums for pairwise elements in vectors, Problem finding relevant functions and packages, Problem search function, Solution searching a vector for particular value and its position, Solution searching R mailing lists, Problem searching supplied documentation, Problem-See Also searching web for help on R, Problem-See Also select function, Discussion, Solution, Solution, Solution changing column name with, Discussion SELECT statements (SQL), Discussion self-describing data, Discussion separators hyphen as separator between strings, Discussion in string concatenation with paste, Discussion seq function, Solution, Discussion creating sequence of dates, Solution sequences creating sequence of numbers, Problem-See Also indexing time series by sequences of dates, Solution random, generating, Problem seq_along function, Discussion Session menu in RStudio, Solution sessionInfo command, Discussion set.seed command, Discussion set.seed function, Solution, Discussion, Example Data setwd command, Solution shading background shading in ggplot graphics, Discussion bars of a bar chart, Problem-Discussion color shading in point plot, Discussion shape parameter (aes function), Solution shapiro.test function, Solution Shapiro–Wilk test, Discussion shebang line, starting with #!, Discussion shell prompt, starting R from, Discussion shortcuts for R commands, Discussion show_query function, Solution significance of linear models, Linear Regression and ANOVA testing a correlation for, Problem-Discussion simulate_pi function, Discussion, Discussion sine wave, dampened, Discussion sink function, Solution slope (regression coefficient), Discussion, Discussion smoothing a time series, Problem-See Also sort function, data frames and, Discussion sorting data frames, Problem fixing in ggplot bar chart, Discussion in ggplot bar chart with confidence intervals, Discussion source function, Solution, Discussion, Solution Spearman method, Solution split function, Discussion SQL (Structured Query Language) CASE WHEN statements, Discussion in MySQL database queries, Discussion meaning of data frames to a programmer, Data Frames turning dplyr commands into, Solution-Problem SQLite database, See Also loading example data into, Solution RSQLite package, Discussion sqrt function, Discussion SSH, Solution stack function, Solution Stack Overflow website, Getting Started and Getting Help, Discussion post on creating reproducible examples, See Also submitting questions to, Discussion StackExchange website, Discussion standard deviation calculating, Discussion-Discussion calculating in figures month by month, Discussion in example data for linear regression, Example Data in ggplot graph line, Discussion standard error for ARIMA model coefficients, Discussion in ggplot bar chart with confidence intervals, Discussion of residuals, Discussion se parameter of ggplot, Solution startup message, suppressing, Problem startup, customizing for R sessions, Problem-See Also Statistical Analysis Software (see SAS) statisticians, meaning of data frames to, Data Frames statistics, General Statistics basic, computing, Problem-Problem applying a function to each column of data frame, Discussion bootstrapping a statistic, Problem-See Also calculating quantiles and quartiles of a dataset, Problem calculating relative frequencies, Problem comparing locations of two samples nonparametrically, Problem comparing means of of two samples, Problem-See Also converting data to z-scores, Problem forming confidence interval for a mean, Problem-Discussion forming confidence interval for a median, Problem forming confidence interval for a proportion, Problem inverting a quantile, Problem pairwise comparisons between group means, Problem-Discussion regression statistics, getting, Problem-See Also tabulating a factor and creating contingency tables, Problem testing a sample proportion, Problem testing categorical variables for independence, Problem testing correlation for significance, Problem-Problem testing for normality, Problem testing for runs, Problem-Problem testing groups for equal proportions, Problem testing the mean of a sample, Problem testing two samples for same distribution, Problem stats in ggplot graphs, Notes on ggplot2 Basics stats::lag function, Discussion stat_function, Discussion stat_qq and stat_qq_line functions, Solution stat_summary function, Discussion stdout, Rscript output to, Discussion step function, Solution-Discussion stepwise regression, Solution-Discussion stftime, Discussion stop function, Solution str function, Discussion revealing internal structure of variables, Discussion strings, Strings and Dates concatenating, Problem converting dates to, Problem converting to dates, Problem Date object converted to, Discussion extracting substrings, Problem generating all pairwise combinations of, Problem generating combinations of, Discussion getting length of, Problem replacing substrings within a string, Problem splitting according to a delimiter, Problem str function, Discussion vectors of, returned by ls function, Discussion strsplit function, Solution structures, Discussion, Data Structures (see also data frames; factors; lists; matrices; tibbles; vectors) converting between structured types, Problem-See Also Student's t distribution, Solution sub function, Solution subdirectories, listing files in, Discussion sublists in R Markdown, Discussion subscripting, matrix-style, Matrix-style subscripting, Matrix-style subscripting subscripts of a vector or list, iterating over, Discussion subsets regressing on, Solution, Problem subsetting a time series, Problem-See Also substr function, Solution summarize function, Solution summarizing data, Problem-Discussion summary function, Discussion, Solution, Solution, Discussion understanding the regression summary, Problem-See Also using on linear models, Discussion summing rows and columns, Problem suppressMessage function, Problem suppressWarnings function, Problem survival function, Discussion, Discussion switch function, Problem switch statements, Simple Programming Sys.Date function, Discussion Sys.getenv function, Solution, Solution Sys.putenv function, Solution Sys.setenv function, Discussion, Discussion Sys.time function, Discussion T t statistic, Discussion, Discussion t-test, Discussion, Discussion, Discussion t.test function, Solution, Discussion, Solution table function, Solution, Solution factors as input, Discussion tables ANOVA, of linear regression models, ANOVA in R Markdown output to Word, Discussion inserting computer-generated data into R Markdown document, Problem inserting into R Markdown output document, Problem-See Also tabular data files data frames, Data Frames reading, Problem-See Also reading from the web, Problem tail function, Solution, Discussion techniques, advanced bootstrapping a statistic, Problem-See Also calculating eigenvalues or eigenvectors, Problem factor analysis, Problem-Discussion finding clusters in data, Problem-See Also minimizing or maximizing multiparameter functions, Problem-See Also minimizing or maximizing single-parameter functions, Solution performing principal component analysis, Problem performing simple orthogonal regression, Problem-See Also predicting a binary-valued variable, Problem-See Also templates controlling R Markdown output formatting in Word, Discussion for creating R Markdown documents, Discussion for R Markdown document output, Discussion LaTeX, for formatting documents, Discussion text editors, R Markdown and Publishing text, formatting in R Markdown documents, Problem theme function, Solution legend.position setting, Solution themes, Notes on ggplot2 Basics applying to ggplot graphics, Problem-Discussion tibble function, Discussion tibbles, Discussion, Factors in data frames comingling with data frames, Discussion creating from vectors in a list, Discussion defined, Tibbles tibble and as_tibble functions, not changing character data, Factors in data frames tic function, Solution, Discussion tidygraph package, installing, Solution tidyr package, Discussion tidyverse packages helper functions for calculating basic statistics, Discussion installing, Solution select function, List expressions tibbles, Discussion, Tibbles time series analysis, Time Series Analysis-See Also calculations on time series, Problem computing moving average of a time series, Problem computing successive differences, Problem-Problem date vs. datetime, Date Versus Datetime detrending a time series, Problem-Discussion extracting newest or oldest observations, Problem-See Also filling or padding a time series, Problem-Discussion finding lagged correlations between time series, Problem fitting ARIMA model to a time series, Problem-See Also functions for, Discussion lagging a time series, Problem making forecasts from ARIMA model, Problem merging several time series, Problem-Discussion other representations of data, Other Representations packages for, zoo and xts, Time Series Analysis plotting a time series forecast, Problem plotting partial autocorrelation function, Problem-Problem plotting the autocorrelation function, Problem-Discussion plotting time series data, Problem removing insignificant ARIMA coefficients, Problem representing time series data, Problem-See Also running diagnostics on ARIMA model, Problem-Discussion subsetting a time series, Problem-See Also testing for autocorrelation, Problem testing for mean reversion, Problem-See Also Time-Series object types, Discussion timeDate package, Classes for Dates and Times timeSeries package, See Also timing code, Problem-Problem tinytex package, Discussion titles adding to ggplot graphics, Problem setting for R Markdown document, Solution setting with ggtitle, Discussion toc function, Solution, Discussion total least squares (TLS), Discussion (see also orthogonal regression) transformations, Data Transformations-See Also applying a function to each column in a matrix or data frame, Problem-Discussion applying a function to each list element, Problem-Discussion applying a function to each matrix row, Problem, Discussion applying a function to each row in data frames, Problem applying a function to groups of data, Problem applying a function to parallel vectors or lists, Problem-Problem creating new column in a data frame based on a condition, Problem-See Also regressing on transformed data, Problem-Problem trends, identifying and removing from a time series trends,identifying and removing from a time series, Problem-Discussion TRUE and FALSE logical values, Discussion ts class, ts (base distribution) tseries::adf.test function, Discussion tsibble package, tsibble package TukeyHSD function, Solution-Discussion U union of all dates, Discussion, Solution unit root tests, See Also Unix search path, Discussion shebang line starting with #!, Discussion Sys.getenv function results, Discussion unlist function, Discussion, Discussion URLs, using to read data from the web, Solution V variables assigning value to, Solution categorical, representing with factors, Factors data type, changing at will, Discussion deleting, Problem .Last.value, Discussion listing, Problem local, Problem plotting all variables against other variables, Problem-Discussion stripping attributes from, Problem variance, Factors (see also analysis of variance) calculating, Problem vectorized operations of R, eliminating need for loops, Discussion vectors appending data to, Problem applying a function to parallel vectors or lists, Problem-Problem arithmetic operations on, Problem-See Also comparing, Problem-Problem comparing elements in parallel with pmin and pmax, Solution constructing data frames from, Solution converting between other structured types, Discussion converting matrices to, Solution converting to z-scores, Solution creating, Solution-See Also elements having same mode, Mode: Physical Type finding position of a particular value, Problem flattening a list into, Problem flattening matrices into, Discussion formatting with print and format functions, Discussion getting length of, Discussion inserting data into, Problem key properties of, Vectors multiple, combining into one vector and a factor, Problem of atomic types, converting to other types, Discussion of levels (see factors) of names and values, populating list with, Discussion of probabilities in quantile functions, Discussion of strings, Discussion of unequal length, Problem-Problem of unequal lengths, Getting bitten by the Recycling Rule of years, months, and days converting to Date objects, Discussion printing with cat function, Discussion random permutation of, Problem results of expressions in R, Discussion scalars as one-element vector, Scalars selecting elements from, Problem selecting every nth element, Problem summary of, Solution transforming into matrices, Matrices turning a vector into a matrix, Discussion use in building data frames, Data Frames versions, extracting for installed packages, Discussion viewing data, partial and full dataset, Problem vignettes, Getting Started and Getting Help listing for a package, Discussion openxlsx, See Also readr, Discussion sql-translation, See Also volatility, calculating by calendar periods, Discussion W warning function, See Also warnings, suppressing, Problem, Discussion web search for help on R, Problem-See Also web, reading CSV and tabular data from, Discussion which.max function, Discussion, Discussion which.min function, Discussion while loops, Simple Programming wide vs. long data (ggplot), “Long” Versus “Wide” Data with ggplot, Discussion wilcox.test function, Solution, Solution Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney test, Discussion window function, Solution selecting range of consecutive dates, Discussion Windows Alt and Ctrl key combinations, Discussion Cannot Open File error, Problem exiting RStudio, Windows and most Linux distributions installing R, Discussion starting RStudio, Solution Sys.getenv function results, Discussion \ (backslash) in file paths, escaping, Using a single backslash (\) in Windows paths Word (see Microsoft Word) working directory, Problem workspace indicated by .GlobalEnv, Discussion saving, Discussion, Problem write.xlsx function, Discussion writeData function, Discussion writeDataTable function, Discussion write_csv function, Solution write_rds function, See Also X xtabs function, See Also xts object, Solution plot function, Discussion xts package, Time Series Analysis Y YAML header in R Markdown documents, Discussion LaTeX options set in, Discussion year, month, and day, converting to a date, Problem year/month (yyyymm) subsetting, Discussion yyyy-mm-dd format for dates, Discussion Z z- scores, Discussion converting data to, Problem zoo object, Solution Date objects as index, Discussion plot function, Discussion zoo package, Graphics in Other Packages, Time Series Anal

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