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Return to Python Glossary, Python Module Index, Python Standard Library Modules List, Python Standard Library

Python Module Index

• __future__ - Future statement definitions

• __main__ - The environment where the top-level script is run.

• _thread - Low-level threading API.

• abc - Abstract base classes according to PEP 3119.

• aifc - Read and write audio files in AIFF or AIFC format.

• argparse - Command-line option and argument parsing library.

• array - Space efficient arrays of uniformly typed numeric values.

• ast - Abstract Syntax Tree classes and manipulation.

• asynchat - Support for asynchronous command/response protocols.

• asyncio - Asynchronous I/O.

• asyncore - A base class for developing asynchronous socket handling services.

• atexit - Register and execute cleanup functions.

• audioop - Manipulate raw audio data.

• base64 - RFC 3548: Base16, Base32, Base64 Data Encodings; Base85 and Ascii85

• bdb - Debugger framework.

• binascii - Tools for converting between binary and various ASCII-encoded binary representations.

• binhex - Encode and decode files in binhex4 format.

• bisect - Array bisection algorithms for binary searching.

• builtins - The module that provides the built-in namespace.

• bz2 - Interfaces for bzip2 compression and decompression.

• calendar - Functions for working with calendars, including some emulation of the Unix cal program.

• cgi - Helpers for running Python scripts via the Common Gateway Interface.

• cgitb - Configurable traceback handler for CGI scripts.

• chunk - Module to read IFF chunks.

• cmath - Mathematical functions for complex numbers.

• cmd - Build line-oriented command interpreters.

• code - Facilities to implement read-eval-print loops.

• codecs - Encode and decode data and streams.

• codeop - Compile (possibly incomplete) Python code.

• collections - Container datatypes
  • collections.abc - Abstract base classes for containers
  • colorsys - Conversion functions between RGB and other color systems.

compileall]] - Tools for byte-compiling all Python source files in a directory tree. - concurrent]] -

   concurrent.futures]] - Execute computations concurrently using threads or processes.

configparser]] - Configuration file parser. contextlib]] - Utilities for with-statement contexts. contextvars]] - Context Variables copy]] - Shallow and deep copy operations. copyreg]] - Register pickle support functions. cProfile]] - crypt (Unix)]] - The crypt() function used to check Unix passwords. csv]] - Write and read tabular data to and from delimited files. ctypes]] - A foreign function library for Python. - curses (Unix)]] - An interface to the curses library, providing portable terminal handling.

   curses.ascii]] - Constants and set-membership functions for ASCII characters.
   curses.panel]] - A panel stack extension that adds depth to curses windows.
   curses.textpad]] - Emacs-like input editing in a curses window.

• dataclasses - Generate special methods on user-defined classes.

• datetime - Basic date and time types.
• dbm - Interfaces to various Unix “database” formats.
  • dbm.dumb - Portable implementation of the simple DBM interface.
  • dbm.gnu (Unix) - GNU's reinterpretation of dbm.
  • dbm.ndbm (Unix) - The standard “database” interface, based on ndbm.

• decimal - Implementation of the General Decimal Arithmetic Specification.

• difflib - Helpers for computing differences between objects.

• dis - Disassembler for Python bytecode.
  • distutils - Support for building and installing Python modules into an existing Python installation.
  • distutils.archive_util - Utility functions for creating archive files (tarballs, zip files, …)
  • distutils.bcppcompiler -
  • distutils.ccompiler - Abstract CCompiler class
  • distutils.cmd - Provides the abstract base class :class:`~distutils.cmd.Command`. This class is subclassed by the modules in the distutils.command subpackage.
  • distutils.command - Contains one module for each standard Distutils command.
  • distutils.command.bdist - Build a binary installer for a package
  • distutils.command.bdist_dumb - Build a “dumb” installer - a simple archive of files
  • distutils.command.bdist_msi - Build a binary distribution as a Windows MSI file

   distutils.command.bdist_packager]] - Abstract base class for packagers
   
   
   distutils.command.bdist_rpm]] - Build a binary distribution as a Redhat RPM and SRPM

   distutils.command.bdist_wininst]] - Build a Windows installer
   distutils.command.build]] - Build all files of a package
   distutils.command.build_clib]] - Build any C libraries in a package
   distutils.command.build_ext]] - Build any extensions in a package
   distutils.command.build_py]] - Build the .py/.pyc files of a package

   distutils.command.build_scripts]] - Build the scripts of a package
   distutils.command.check]] - Check the meta-data of a package
   distutils.command.clean]] - Clean a package build area
   distutils.command.config]] - Perform package configuration
   distutils.command.install]] - Install a package
   distutils.command.install_data]] - Install data files from a package
   distutils.command.install_headers]] - Install C/C++ header files from a package
   distutils.command.install_lib]] - Install library files from a package
   distutils.command.install_scripts]] - Install script files from a package
   distutils.command.register]] - Register a module with the Python Package Index
   distutils.command.sdist]] - Build a source distribution
   distutils.core]] - The core Distutils functionality
   distutils.cygwinccompiler]] - 
   distutils.debug]] - Provides the debug flag for distutils
   distutils.dep_util]] - Utility functions for simple dependency checking
   distutils.dir_util]] - Utility functions for operating on directories and directory trees
   distutils.dist]] - Provides the Distribution class, which represents the module distribution being built/installed/distributed
   distutils.errors]] - Provides standard distutils exceptions
   distutils.extension]] - Provides the Extension class, used to describe C/C++ extension modules in setup scripts
   distutils.fancy_getopt]] - Additional getopt functionality
   distutils.file_util]] - Utility functions for operating on single files
   distutils.filelist]] - The FileList class, used for poking about the file system and building lists of files.
   distutils.log]] - A simple logging mechanism, [[PEP 282`-style
   distutils.msvccompiler]] - Microsoft Compiler
   distutils.spawn]] - Provides the spawn() function
   distutils.sysconfig]] - Low-level access to configuration information of the Python interpreter.
   distutils.text_file]] - Provides the TextFile class, a simple interface to text files
   distutils.unixccompiler]] - UNIX C Compiler
   distutils.util]] - Miscellaneous other utility functions
   distutils.version]] - Implements classes that represent module version numbers.

doctest]] - Test pieces of code within docstrings.

• email - Package supporting the parsing, manipulating, and generating email messages.
  • email.charset - Character Sets
  • email.contentmanager - Storing and Retrieving Content from MIME Parts
  • email.encoders - Encoders for email message payloads.
  • email.errors - The exception classes used by the email package.
  • email.generator - Generate flat text email messages from a message structure.
  • email.header - Representing non-ASCII headers
  • email.headerregistry - Automatic Parsing of headers based on the field name
  • email.iterators - Iterate over a message object tree.
  • email.message - The base class representing email messages.
  • email.mime - Build MIME messages.
  • email.parser - Parse flat text email messages to produce a message object structure.
  • email.policy - Controlling the parsing and generating of messages
  • email.utils - Miscellaneous email package utilities.

• encodings -
  • encodings.idna - Internationalized Domain Names implementation
  • encodings.mbcs - Windows ANSI codepage
  • encodings.utf_8_sig - UTF-8 codec with BOM signature

ensurepip]] - Bootstrapping the “pip” installer into an existing Python installation or virtual environment. enum]] - Implementation of an enumeration class. errno]] - Standard errno system symbols.

faulthandler]] - Dump the Python traceback. fcntl (Unix)]] - The fcntl() and ioctl() system calls. filecmp]] - Compare files efficiently. fileinput]] - Loop over standard input or a list of files. fnmatch]] - Unix shell style filename pattern matching. formatter]] - Deprecated: Generic output formatter and device interface. fractions]] - Rational numbers. ftplib]] - FTP protocol client (requires sockets). functools]] - Higher-order functions and operations on callable objects.

gc]] - Interface to the cycle-detecting garbage collector. getopt]] - Portable parser for command line options; support both short and long option names. getpass]] - Portable reading of passwords and retrieval of the userid. gettext]] - Multilingual internationalization services. glob]] - Unix shell style pathname pattern expansion. graphlib]] - Functionality to operate with graph-like structures grp (Unix)]] - The group database (getgrnam() and friends). gzip]] - Interfaces for gzip compression and decompression using file objects.

hashlib]] - Secure hash and message digest algorithms. heapq]] - Heap queue algorithm (a.k.a. priority queue). hmac]] - Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication (HMAC) implementation

• html - Helpers for manipulating HTML.
  • html.entities - Definitions of HTML general entities.
  • html.parser - A simple parser that can handle HTML and XHTML.

• http - HTTP status codes and messages
  • http.client - HTTP and HTTPS protocol client (requires sockets).
  • http.cookiejar - Classes for automatic handling of HTTP cookies.
  • http.cookies - Support for HTTP state management (cookies).
  • http.server - HTTP server and request handlers.

imaplib]] - IMAP4 protocol client (requires sockets). imghdr]] - Determine the type of image contained in a file or byte stream. imp]] - Deprecated: Access the implementation of the import statement.

• importlib - The implementation of the import machinery.
  • importlib.abc - Abstract base classes related to import
  • importlib.machinery - Importers and path hooks
  • importlib.resources - Package resource reading, opening, and access
  • importlib.util - Utility code for importers

• inspect - Extract information and source code from live objects.

io]] - Core tools for working with streams. ipaddress]] - IPv4/IPv6 manipulation library. itertools]] - Functions creating iterators for efficient looping.

• json - Encode and decode the JSON format.
  • json.tool - A command line to validate and pretty-print JSON.

• keyword - Test whether a string is a keyword in Python.

lib2to3]] - The 2to3 library linecache]] - Provides random access to individual lines from text files. locale]] - Internationalization services.

• logging - Flexible event logging system for applications.
  • logging.config - Configuration of the logging module.
  • logging.handlers - Handlers for the logging module.

lzma]] - A Python wrapper for the liblzma compression library.

mailbox]] - Manipulate mailboxes in various formats mailcap]] - Mailcap file handling. marshal]] - Convert Python objects to streams of bytes and back (with different constraints). math]] - Mathematical functions (sin() etc.). mimetypes]] - Mapping of filename extensions to MIME types. mmap]] - Interface to memory-mapped files for Unix and Windows. modulefinder]] - Find modules used by a script. msilib (Windows)]] - Creation of Microsoft Installer files, and CAB files. msvcrt (Windows)]] - Miscellaneous useful routines from the MS VC++ runtime.

• multiprocessing - Process-based parallelism.
  • multiprocessing.connection - API for dealing with sockets.
  • multiprocessing.dummy - Dumb wrapper around threading.
  • multiprocessing.managers - Share data between process with shared objects.
  • multiprocessing.pool - Create pools of processes.
  • multiprocessing.shared_memory - Provides shared memory for direct access across processes.
  • multiprocessing.sharedctypes - Allocate ctypes objects from shared memory.

netrc]] - Loading of .netrc files. nis (Unix)]] - Interface to Sun's NIS (Yellow Pages) library. nntplib]] - NNTP protocol client (requires sockets). numbers]] - Numeric abstract base classes (Complex, Real, Integral, etc.).

operator]] - Functions corresponding to the standard operators. optparse]] - Deprecated: Command-line option parsing library.

• os - Miscellaneous operating system interfaces.
  • os.path - Operations on pathnames.

ossaudiodev (Linux, FreeBSD)]] - Access to OSS-compatible audio devices.

parser]] - Access parse trees for Python source code. pathlib]] - Object-oriented filesystem paths pdb]] - The Python debugger for interactive interpreters. pickle]] - Convert Python objects to streams of bytes and back. pickletools]] - Contains extensive comments about the pickle protocols and pickle-machine opcodes, as well as some useful functions. pipes (Unix)]] - A Python interface to Unix shell pipelines. pkgutil]] - Utilities for the import system. platform]] - Retrieves as much platform identifying data as possible. plistlib]] - Generate and parse Apple plist files. poplib]] - POP3 protocol client (requires sockets). posix (Unix)]] - The most common POSIX system calls (normally used via module os). pprint]] - Data pretty printer. profile]] - Python source profiler. pstats]] - Statistics object for use with the profiler. pty (Linux)]] - Pseudo-Terminal Handling for Linux. pwd (Unix)]] - The password database (getpwnam() and friends). py_compile]] - Generate byte-code files from Python source files. pyclbr]] - Supports information extraction for a Python module browser. pydoc]] - Documentation generator and online help system.

queue]] - A synchronized queue class. quopri]] - Encode and decode files using the MIME quoted-printable encoding.

random]] - Generate pseudo-random numbers with various common distributions. re]] - Regular expression operations. readline (Unix)]] - GNU readline support for Python. reprlib]] - Alternate repr() implementation with size limits. resource (Unix)]] - An interface to provide resource usage information on the current process. rlcompleter]] - Python identifier completion, suitable for the GNU readline library. runpy]] - Locate and run Python modules without importing them first.

sched]] - General purpose event scheduler. secrets]] - Generate secure random numbers for managing secrets. select]] - Wait for I/O completion on multiple streams. selectors]] - High-level I/O multiplexing. shelve]] - Python object persistence. shlex]] - Simple lexical analysis for Unix shell-like languages. shutil]] - High-level file operations, including copying. signal]] - Set handlers for asynchronous events. site]] - Module responsible for site-specific configuration. smtpd]] - A SMTP server implementation in Python. smtplib]] - SMTP protocol client (requires sockets). sndhdr]] - Determine type of a sound file. socket]] - Low-level networking interface. socketserver]] - A framework for network servers. spwd (Unix)]] - The shadow password database (getspnam() and friends). sqlite3]] - A DB-API 2.0 implementation using SQLite 3.x. ssl]] - TLS/SSL wrapper for socket objects stat]] - Utilities for interpreting the results of os.stat(), os.lstat() and os.fstat(). statistics]] - Mathematical statistics functions string]] - Common string operations. stringprep]] - String preparation, as per RFC 3453 struct]] - Interpret bytes as packed binary data. subprocess]] - Subprocess management. sunau]] - Provide an interface to the Sun AU sound format. symbol]] - Constants representing internal nodes of the parse tree. symtable]] - Interface to the compiler's internal symbol tables. sys]] - Access system-specific parameters and functions. sysconfig]] - Python's configuration information syslog (Unix)]] - An interface to the Unix syslog library routines.

tabnanny]] - Tool for detecting white space related problems in Python source files in a directory tree. tarfile]] - Read and write tar-format archive files. telnetlib]] - Telnet client class. tempfile]] - Generate temporary files and directories. termios (Unix)]] - POSIX style tty control.

• test - Regression tests package containing the testing suite for Python.
  • test.support - Support for Python's regression test suite.
  • test.support.bytecode_helper - Support tools for testing correct bytecode generation.
  • test.support.script_helper - Support for Python's script execution tests.
  • test.support.socket_helper - Support for socket tests.

textwrap]] - Text wrapping and filling threading]] - Thread-based parallelism. time]] - Time access and conversions. timeit]] - Measure the execution time of small code snippets.

• tkinter - Interface to Tcl/Tk for graphical user interfaces
  • tkinter.colorchooser (Tk) - Color choosing dialog
  • tkinter.commondialog (Tk) - Tkinter base class for dialogs
  • tkinter.dnd (Tk) - Tkinter drag-and-drop interface
  • tkinter.filedialog (Tk) - Dialog classes for file selection
  • tkinter.font (Tk) - Tkinter font-wrapping class
  • tkinter.messagebox (Tk) - Various types of alert dialogs
  • tkinter.scrolledtext (Tk) - Text widget with a vertical scroll bar.
  • tkinter.simpledialog (Tk) - Simple dialog windows
  • tkinter.tix - Tk Extension Widgets for Tkinter
  • tkinter.ttk - Tk themed widget set

token]] - Constants representing terminal nodes of the parse tree. tokenize]] - Lexical scanner for Python source code. trace]] - Trace or track Python statement execution. traceback]] - Print or retrieve a stack traceback. tracemalloc]] - Trace memory allocations. tty (Unix)]] - Utility functions that perform common terminal control operations. turtle]] - An educational framework for simple graphics applications turtledemo]] - A viewer for example turtle scripts types]] - Names for built-in types. typing]] - Support for type hints (see PEP 484`). ==U== * [[unicodedata - Access the Unicode Database.

• unittest - Unit testing framework for Python.
  • unittest.mock - Mock object library.

• urllib -
  • urllib.error - Exception classes raised by urllib.request.
  • urllib.parse - Parse URLs into or assemble them from components.
  • urllib.request - Extensible library for opening URLs.
  • urllib.response - Response classes used by urllib.
  • urllib.robotparser - Load a robots.txt file and answer questions about fetchability of other URLs.

• uu - Encode and decode files in uuencode format.

• uuid - UUID objects (universally unique identifiers) according to RFC 4122

• venv - Creation of virtual environments.

warnings]] - Issue warning messages and control their disposition. wave]] - Provide an interface to the WAV sound format. weakref]] - Support for weak references and weak dictionaries. webbrowser]] - Easy-to-use controller for Web browsers. winreg (Windows)]] - Routines and objects for manipulating the Windows registry. winsound (Windows)]] - Access to the sound-playing machinery for Windows.

• wsgiref - WSGI Utilities and Reference Implementation.
  • wsgiref.handlers - WSGI server/gateway base classes.
  • wsgiref.headers - WSGI response header tools.
  • wsgiref.simple_server - A simple WSGI HTTP server.
  • wsgiref.util - WSGI environment utilities.
  • wsgiref.validate - WSGI conformance checker.

• xdrlib - Encoders and decoders for the External Data Representation (XDR).
• xml - Package containing XML processing modules
  • xml.dom - Document Object Model API for Python.
  • xml.dom.minidom - Minimal Document Object Model (DOM) implementation.
  • xml.dom.pulldom - Support for building partial DOM trees from SAX events.
  • xml.etree.ElementTree - Implementation of the ElementTree API.
  • xml.parsers.expat - An interface to the Expat non-validating XML parser.
  • xml.parsers.expat.errors -
  • xml.parsers.expat.model -
  • xml.sax - Package containing SAX2 base classes and convenience functions.
  • xml.sax.handler - Base classes for SAX event handlers.
  • xml.sax.saxutils - Convenience functions and classes for use with SAX.
  • xml.sax.xmlreader - Interface which SAX-compliant XML parsers must implement.

• xmlrpc
  • xmlrpc.client - XML-RPC client access.
  • xmlrpc.server - Basic XML-RPC server implementations.

• zipapp - Manage executable Python zip archives

• zipfile - Read and write ZIP-format archive files.

• zipimport - Support for importing Python modules from ZIP archives.

• zlib - Low-level interface to compression and decompression routines compatible with gzip.

• zoneinfo - IANA time zone support

Fair Use Sources:

• https://docs.python.org/3/py-modindex.html

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unittest.TestLoader, Python unittest.TestSuite, Python unittest.skip, Python unittest.expectedFailure, Python unittest.mock.call, Python unittest.mock.Mock.assert_called_with, Python pytest.mark.skip, Python pytest.mark.xfail, Python pytest.mark.parametrize, Python pytest fixture Scope, Python pytest fixture autouse, Python coverage run, Python coverage erase, Python coverage xml, Python coverage json, Python black line-length, Python black target-version, Python pylint --disable, Python pylint --enable, Python flake8 ignore, Python mypy --ignore-missing-imports, Python mypy --strict, Python bandit -r, Python bandit.config, Python cProfile.run, Python pstats.Stats, Python timeit.timeit, Python timeit.repeat, Python multiprocessing.Pool, Python multiprocessing.Queue, Python multiprocessing.Value, Python multiprocessing.Array, Python subprocess.DEVNULL, Python subprocess.PIPE, Python requests.get, Python requests.post, Python requests.put, Python requests.delete, Python requests.Session, Python requests.adapters, Python asyncio.sleep, Python asyncio.create_task, Python asyncio.gather, Python asyncio.wait, Python asyncio.run_until_complete, Python asyncio.Lock, Python asyncio.Semaphore, Python asyncio.Event, Python asyncio.Condition, Python aiohttp.ClientSession, Python aiohttp.web, Python aiohttp.ClientResponse, Python aiohttp.ClientWebSocketResponse, Python websockets.connect, Python websockets.serve, Python sqlalchemy Engine, Python sqlalchemy Session, Python sqlalchemy ORM, Python sqlalchemy Table, Python sqlalchemy Column, Python sqlalchemy create_engine, Python sqlalchemy select, Python sqlalchemy insert, Python sqlalchemy update, Python sqlalchemy delete, Python sqlalchemy MetaData, Python sqlalchemy text, Python ORM Databases, Python celery Task, Python celery Broker, Python celery Worker, Python celery Beat, Python celery Flower, Python gunicorn wsgi, Python uvicorn ASGI, Python hypercorn ASGI, Python waitress WSGI, Python werkzeug WSGI, Python gevent Hub, Python greenlet, Python eventlet, Python paramiko SSH, Python scp Module, Python fabric task, Python invoke task, Python importlib.metadata, Python toml.load, Python yaml.safe_load, Python yaml.dump, Python pyenv install, Python pyenv global, Python pyenv local, Python pipenv install, Python pipenv run, Python poetry install, Python poetry run, Python poetry publish, Python hatch build, Python hatch run, Python conda install, Python conda create, Python conda activate, Python cffi.FFI, Python ctypes.Structure, Python ctypes.byref, Python ctypes.pointer, Python cProfile.Profile, Python pstats.sort_stats, Python timeit.default_timer, Python zoneinfo.ZoneInfo.from_file, Python xml.dom.minidom.parse, Python xml.dom.minidom.parseString, Python xml.sax.parse, Python xml.sax.ContentHandler, Python configobj.ConfigObj, Python tomli.load, Python yaml.Loader, Python pydoc -w, Python Sphinx autodoc, Python unittest.mock.patch.object, Python unittest.mock.call_args, Python unittest.mock.call_count, Python pytest --maxfail, Python pytest --disable-warnings, Python pytest --last-failed, Python pytest --exitfirst, Python pytest -v, Python pytest -q, Python pytest -s, Python pytest-cov Plugin, Python pytest-xdist Parallel, Python pytest-mock Plugin, Python docker run (Python-based Images), Python fabric.Connection, Python fabric.run, Python fabric.sudo, Python pipenv shell, Python pipenv graph, Python poetry lock, Python poetry update, Python black --check, Python black --diff, Python pylint --rcfile, Python flake8 --max-line-length, Python flake8 --statistics, Python isort --profile black, Python mypy.ini settings, Python bandit.yaml, Python coverage combine, Python coverage html, Python coverage json, Python coverage report

Python: Python Variables, Python Data Types, Python Control Structures, Python Loops, Python Functions, Python Modules, Python Packages, Python File Handling, Python Errors and Exceptions, Python Classes and Objects, Python Inheritance, Python Polymorphism, Python Encapsulation, Python Abstraction, Python Lists, Python Dictionaries, Python Tuples, Python Sets, Python String Manipulation, Python Regular Expressions, Python Comprehensions, Python Lambda Functions, Python Map, Filter, and Reduce, Python Decorators, Python Generators, Python Context Managers, Python Concurrency with Threads, Python Asynchronous Programming, Python Multiprocessing, Python Networking, Python Database Interaction, Python Debugging, Python Testing and Unit Testing, Python Virtual Environments, Python Package Management, Python Data Analysis, Python Data Visualization, Python Web Scraping, Python Web Development with Flask/Django, Python API Interaction, Python GUI Programming, Python Game Development, Python Security and Cryptography, Python Blockchain Programming, Python Machine Learning, Python Deep Learning, Python Natural Language Processing, Python Computer Vision, Python Robotics, Python Scientific Computing, Python Data Engineering, Python Cloud Computing, Python DevOps Tools, Python Performance Optimization, Python Design Patterns, Python Type Hints, Python Version Control with Git, Python Documentation, Python Internationalization and Localization, Python Accessibility, Python Configurations and Environments, Python Continuous Integration/Continuous Deployment, Python Algorithm Design, Python Problem Solving, Python Code Readability, Python Software Architecture, Python Refactoring, Python Integration with Other Languages, Python Microservices Architecture, Python Serverless Computing, Python Big Data Analysis, Python Internet of Things (IoT), Python Geospatial Analysis, Python Quantum Computing, Python Bioinformatics, Python Ethical Hacking, Python Artificial Intelligence, Python Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality, Python Blockchain Applications, Python Chatbots, Python Voice Assistants, Python Edge Computing, Python Graph Algorithms, Python Social Network Analysis, Python Time Series Analysis, Python Image Processing, Python Audio Processing, Python Video Processing, Python 3D Programming, Python Parallel Computing, Python Event-Driven Programming, Python Reactive Programming.

Variables, Data Types, Control Structures, Loops, Functions, Modules, Packages, File Handling, Errors and Exceptions, Classes and Objects, Inheritance, Polymorphism, Encapsulation, Abstraction, Lists, Dictionaries, Tuples, Sets, String Manipulation, Regular Expressions, Comprehensions, Lambda Functions, Map, Filter, and Reduce, Decorators, Generators, Context Managers, Concurrency with Threads, Asynchronous Programming, Multiprocessing, Networking, Database Interaction, Debugging, Testing and Unit Testing, Virtual Environments, Package Management, Data Analysis, Data Visualization, Web Scraping, Web Development with Flask/Django, API Interaction, GUI Programming, Game Development, Security and Cryptography, Blockchain Programming, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Natural Language Processing, Computer Vision, Robotics, Scientific Computing, Data Engineering, Cloud Computing, DevOps Tools, Performance Optimization, Design Patterns, Type Hints, Version Control with Git, Documentation, Internationalization and Localization, Accessibility, Configurations and Environments, Continuous Integration/Continuous Deployment, Algorithm Design, Problem Solving, Code Readability, Software Architecture, Refactoring, Integration with Other Languages, Microservices Architecture, Serverless Computing, Big Data Analysis, Internet of Things (IoT), Geospatial Analysis, Quantum Computing, Bioinformatics, Ethical Hacking, Artificial Intelligence, Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality, Blockchain Applications, Chatbots, Voice Assistants, Edge Computing, Graph Algorithms, Social Network Analysis, Time Series Analysis, Image Processing, Audio Processing, Video Processing, 3D Programming, Parallel Computing, Event-Driven Programming, Reactive Programming.

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