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Python Module of the Week (PyMOTW)

PyMOTW-3 is a series of Python articles written by Doug Hellmann to demonstrate how to use the Python modules of the Python 3 standard library. It is based on the original PyMOTW series, which covered Python 2.7. See below “About Python Module of the Week” for details including the version of Python and Python ools used.

Python Text:

• string — Text Constants and Templates
• textwrap — Formatting Text Paragraphs
• re — Regular Expressions
• difflib — Compare Sequences

Python Data Structures:

• enum – Enumeration Type
• collections — Container Data Types
• array — Sequence of Fixed-type Data
• heapq – Heap Sort Algorithm
• bisect — Maintain Lists in Sorted Order
• queue — Thread-Safe FIFO Implementation
• struct — Binary Data Structures
• weakref — Impermanent References to Objects
• copy — Duplicate Objects
• pprint — Pretty-Print Data Structures

Python Algorithms:

• functools — Tools for Manipulating Functions
• itertools — Iterator Functions
• operator — Functional Interface to Built-in Operators
• contextlib — Context Manager Utilities

Dates and Times:

• time — Clock Time
• datetime — Date and Time Value Manipulation
• calendar — Work with Dates

Python Mathematics:

• decimal — Fixed and Floating Point Math
• fractions — Rational Numbers
• random — Pseudorandom Number Generators
• math — Mathematical Functions
• statistics — Statistical Calculations

Python and the File System:

• os.path — Platform-independent Manipulation of Filenames
• pathlib — Filesystem Paths as Objects
• glob — Filename Pattern Matching
• fnmatch — Unix-style Glob Pattern Matching
• linecache — Read Text Files Efficiently
• tempfile — Temporary File System Objects
• shutil — High-level File Operations
• filecmp — Compare Files
• mmap — Memory-map Files
• codecs — String Encoding and Decoding
• io — Text, Binary, and Raw Stream I/O Tools

Data Persistence and Exchange:

• pickle — Object Serialization
• shelve — Persistent Storage of Objects
• dbm — Unix Key-Value Databases
• sqlite3 — Embedded Relational Database
• xml.etree.ElementTree — XML Manipulation API
• csv — Comma-separated Value Files

Data Compression and Archiving:

• zlib — GNU zlib Compression
• gzip — Read and Write GNU zip Files
• bz2 — bzip2 Compression
• tarfile — Tar Archive Access
• zipfile — ZIP Archive Access

Cryptography:

• hashlib — Cryptographic Hashing
• hmac — Cryptographic Message Signing and Verification

Concurrency with Processes, Threads, and Coroutines:

• subprocess — Spawning Additional Processes
• signal — Asynchronous System Events
• threading — Manage Concurrent Operations Within a Process
• multiprocessing — Manage Processes Like Threads
• asyncio — Asynchronous I/O, event loop, and concurrency tools
• concurrent.futures — Manage Pools of Concurrent Tasks

Python Networking:

• ipaddress — Internet Addresses
• socket — Network Communication
• selectors — I/O Multiplexing Abstractions
• select — Wait for I/O Efficiently
• socketserver — Creating Network Servers

Python and the Internet:

• urllib.parse — Split URLs into Components
• urllib.request — Network Resource Access
• urllib.robotparser — Internet Spider Access Control
• base64 — Encode Binary Data with ASCII
• http.server — Base Classes for Implementing Web Servers
• http.cookies — HTTP Cookies
• webbrowser — Displays web pages
• uuid — Universally Unique Identifiers
• json — JavaScript Object Notation
• xmlrpc.client — Client Library for XML-RPC
• xmlrpc.server — An XML-RPC server

Python and Email:

• smtplib — Simple Mail Transfer Protocol Client
• smtpd — Sample Mail Servers
• mailbox — Manipulate Email Archives
• imaplib — IMAP4 Client Library

Application Building Blocks:

• argparse — Command-Line Option and Argument Parsing
• getopt — Command Line Option Parsing
• readline — The GNU readline Library
• getpass — Secure Password Prompt
• cmd — Line-oriented Command Processors
• shlex — Parse Shell-style Syntaxes
• configparser — Work with Configuration Files
• logging — Report Status, Error, and Informational Messages
• fileinput — Command-Line Filter Framework
• atexit — Program Shutdown Callbacks
• sched — Timed Event Scheduler

Python Internationalization and Localization:

• gettext — Message Catalogs
• locale — Cultural Localization API

Python Developer Tools:

• pydoc — Online Help for Modules
• doctest — Testing Through Documentation
• unittest — Automated Testing Framework
• trace — Follow Program Flow
• traceback — Exceptions and Stack Traces
• cgitb — Detailed Traceback Reports
• pdb — Interactive Debugger
• profile and pstats — Performance Analysis
• timeit — Time the execution of small bits of Python code.
• tabnanny — Indentation validator
• compileall — Byte-compile Source Files
• pyclbr — Class Browser
• venv — Create Virtual Environments
• ensurepip — Install the Python Package Installer

Python Runtime Features:

• site — Site-wide Configuration
• sys — System-specific Configuration
• os — Portable access to operating system specific features
• platform — System Version Information
• resource — System Resource Management
• gc — Garbage Collector
• sysconfig — Interpreter Compile-time Configuration

Python Language Tools:

• warnings — Non-fatal Alerts
• abc — Abstract Base Classes
• dis — Python Bytecode Disassembler
• inspect — Inspect Live Objects

Python Modules and Packages:

• importlib — Python’s Import Mechanism
• pkgutil — Package Utilities
• zipimport — Load Python Code from ZIP Archives

Python Unix-specific Services:

• pwd — Unix Password Database
• grp — Unix Group Database

Python Porting Notes:

• References
• New Modules
• Renamed Modules
• Removed Modules
• Deprecated Modules
• Summary of Changes to Modules

Outside of the Standard Library:

• Text
• Algorithms
• Dates and Times
• Mathematics
• Data Persistence and Exchange
• Cryptography
• Concurrency with Processes, Threads, and Coroutines
• The Internet
• Email
• Application Building Blocks
• Developer Tools

PyMOTW-3 is a series of Python articles written by Doug Hellmann to demonstrate how to use the Python modules of the Python 3 standard library. It is based on the original PyMOTW series, which covered Python 2.7.

See the project home page at https://pymotw.com/3/ for updates.

Source code is available via git from https://bitbucket.org/dhellmann/pymotw-3/ or https://pymotw.com/3/PyMOTW-3-1.0.tar.gz as a single downloadable archive.

Complete Python documentation for the Python standard library can be found on the Python web site at https://docs.python.org/3/library

As new Python articles are written, they are posted to Doug Hellman's blog as well as https://pymotw.com. Updates are available by RSS from https://feeds.doughellmann.com/PyMOTW and email. Follow @pymotw or @doughellmann on Twitter for updates as well.

The source text for PyMOTW-3 is reStructuredText and the HTML output is created using Sphinx.

The output from all the example Python programs has been generated with CPython (see below for Python version) and inserted into the text using cog.

$ python3 -V

Python 3.7.1

• Italian - http://robyp.x10host.com/3/index.html - Roberto Pauletto has started translating the Python 3 articles into Italian.

• Spanish - https://rico-schmidt.name/pymotw-3 - Ernesto Rico Schmidt has translated all of the articles into Spanish

Copyright and Licensing:

“All of the prose from the Python Module of the Week is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution, Non-commercial, Share-alike 4.0 license. You are free to share and create derivative works from it. If you post the material online, you must give attribution and link to the PyMOTW home page (https://pymotw.com/). You may not use this work for commercial purposes. If you alter, transform, or build upon this work, you may distribute the resulting work only under the same or similar license to this one.

The source code included here is copyright Doug Hellmann and licensed under the BSD license.

Copyright © 2015, Doug Hellmann, All Rights Reserved

Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:

Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.

Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS “AS IS” AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.”

Fair Use Source: https://pymotw.com/3/about.html#copyright-and-licensing

Fair Use Sources:

• https://pymotw.com/3
• Python 3 Standard Library by Example (B072QZZDV7 2017)
• https://doughellmann.com/books/the-python-3-standard-library-by-example
• https://docs.python.org/3/library/index.html - Python Standard Library
• Python 3 Standard Library by Example for Archive Access for Fair Use Preservation, quoting, paraphrasing, excerpting and/or commenting upon