Table of Contents
Fluent Python, 2nd Edition by Luciano Ramalho Acknowledgments
I did not expect updating a Python book five years later to be such a major undertaking, but it was. Marta Mello, my beloved wife, was always there when I needed her. My dear friend Leonardo Rochael helped me from the earliest writing to the final technical review, including consolidating and double-checking the feedback from the other tech reviewers, reader]]s, and editors. I honestly don’t know if I’d have made it without your support, Marta and Leo. Thank you so much!
Jürgen Gmach, Caleb Hattingh, Jess Males, Leonardo Rochael, and Miroslav Šedivý were the outstanding technical review team for the second edition. They reviewed the whole book. Bill Behrman, Bruce Eckel, Renato Oliveira, and Rodrigo Bernardo Pimentel reviewed specific chapters. Their many suggestions from different perspectives made the book much better.
Many reader]]s sent corrections or made other contributions during the early release phase, including: Guilherme Alves, Christiano Anderson, Konstantin Baikov, K. Alex Birch, Michael Boesl, Lucas Brunialti, Sergio Cortez, Gino Crecco, Chukwuerika Dike, Juan Esteras, Federico Fissore, Will Frey, Tim Gates, Alexander Hagerman, Chen Hanxiao, Sam Hyeong, Simon Ilincev, Parag Kalra, Tim King, David Kwast, Tina Lapine, Wanpeng Li, Guto Maia, Scott Martindale, Mark Meyer, Andy McFarland, Chad McIntire, Diego Rabatone Oliveira, Francesco Piccoli, Meredith Rawls, Michael Robinson, Federico Tula Rovaletti, Tushar Sadhwani, Arthur Constantino Scardua, Randal L. Schwartz, Avichai Sefati, Guannan Shen, William Simpson, Vivek Vashist, Jerry Zhang, Paul Zuradzki — and others who did not want to be named, sent corrections after I delivered the draft, or are omitted because I failed to record their names — sorry.
During my research, I learned about typing, concurrency, pattern matching, and metaprogramming while interacting with Michael Albert, Pablo Aguilar, Kaleb Barrett, David Beazley, J. S. O. Bueno, Bruce Eckel, Martin Fowler, Ivan Levkivskyi, Alex Martelli, Peter Norvig, Sebastian Rittau, Guido van Rossum, Carol Willing, and Jelle Zijlstra.
O'Reilly editors Jeff Bleiel, Jill Leonard, and Amelia Blevins made suggestions that improved the flow of the book in many places. Jeff Bleiel and production editor Danny Elfanbaum supported me throughout this long marathon.
The insights and suggestions of every one of them made the book better and more accurate. Inevitably, there will still be bugs of my own creation in the final product. I apologize in advance.
Finally, I want to extend my heartfelt thanks to my colleagues at Thoughtworks Brazil — and especially to my sponsor, Alexey Bôas — who supported this project in many ways, all the way.
Of course, everyone who helped me understand Python and write the first edition now deserves double thanks. There would be no second edition without a successful first.
Acknowledgments for the First Edition
The Bauhaus chess set by Josef Hartwig is an example of excellent design: beautiful, simple, and clear. Guido van Rossum, son of an architect and brother of a master font designer, created a masterpiece of language design. I love teaching Python because it is beautiful, simple, and clear.
Alex Martelli and Anna Ravenscroft were the first people to see the outline of this book and encouraged me to submit it to O'Reilly for publication]]. Their books taught me idiomatic Python and are models of clarity, accuracy, and depth in technical writing. Alex’s 6,200+ Stack Overflow posts are a fountain of insights about the language and its proper use.
Martelli and Ravenscroft were also technical reviewers of this book, along with Lennart Regebro and Leonardo Rochael. Everyone in this outstanding technical review team has at least 15 years of Python experience, with many contributions to high-impact Python projects in close contact with other developers in the community. Together]] they sent me hundreds of corrections, suggestions, questions, and opinions, adding tremendous value to the book. Victor Stinner kindly reviewed Chapter 21, bringing his expertise as an asyncio maintainer to the technical review team. It was a great privilege and a pleasure to collaborate with them over these past several months.
Editor Meghan Blanchette was an outstanding mentor, helping me improve the organization and flow of the book, letting me know when it was boring, and keeping me from delaying even more. Brian MacDonald edited chapters in Part II while Meghan was away. I enjoyed working with them, and with everyone I’ve contacted at O'Reilly, including the Atlas development and support team (Atlas is the O'Reilly book publishing platform, which I was fortunate to use to write this book).
Mario Domenech Goulart provided numerous, detailed suggestions starting with the first early release. I also received valuable feedback from Dave Pawson, Elias Dorneles, Leonardo Alexandre Ferreira Leite, Bruce Eckel, J. S. Bueno, Rafael Gonçalves, Alex Chiaranda, Guto Maia, Lucas Vido, and Lucas Brunialti.
Over the years, a number of people urged me to become an author, but the most persuasive were Rubens Prates, Aurelio Jargas, Rudá Moura, and Rubens Altimari. Mauricio Bussab opened many doors for me, including my first real shot at writing a book. Renzo Nuccitelli supported this writing project all the way, even if that meant a slow start for our partnership at python.pro.br.
The wonderful Brazilian Python community is knowledgeable, generous, and fun. The Python Brasil group has thousands of people, and our national conferences bring together]] hundreds, but the most influential in my journey as a Pythonista were Leonardo Rochael, Adriano Petrich, Daniel Vainsencher, Rodrigo RBP Pimentel, Bruno Gola, Leonardo Santagada, Jean Ferri, Rodrigo Senra, J. S. Bueno, David Kwast, Luiz Irber, Osvaldo Santana, Fernando Masanori, Henrique Bastos, Gustavo Niemayer, Pedro Werneck, Gustavo Barbieri, Lalo Martins, Danilo Bellini, and Pedro Kroger.
Dorneles Tremea was a great friend (incredibly generous with his time and knowledge), an amazing hacker, and the most inspiring leader of the Brazilian Python Association. He left us too early.
My students over the years taught me a lot through their questions, insights, feedback, and creative solutions to problems. Érico Andrei and Simples Consultoria made it possible for me to focus on being a Python teacher for the first time.
Martijn Faassen was my Grok mentor and shared invaluable insights with me about Python and Neanderthals. His work and that of Paul Everitt, Chris McDonough, Tres Seaver, Jim Fulton, Shane Hathaway, Lennart Regebro, Alan Runyan, Alexander Limi, Martijn Pieters, Godefroid Chapelle, and others from the Zope, Plone, and Pyramid planets have been decisive in my career. Thanks to Zope and surfing the first web wave, I was able to start making a living with Python in 1998. José Octavio Castro Neves was my partner in the first Python-centric software house in Brazil.
I have too many gurus in the wider Python community to list them all, but besides those already mentioned, I am indebted to Steve Holden, Raymond Hettinger, A.M. Kuchling, David Beazley, Fredrik Lundh, Doug Hellmann, Nick Coghlan, Mark Pilgrim, Martijn Pieters, Bruce Eckel, Michele Simionato, Wesley Chun, Brandon Craig Rhodes, Philip Guo, Daniel Greenfeld, Audrey Roy, and Brett Slatkin for teaching me new and better ways to teach Python.
Most of these pages were written in my home office and in two labs: CoffeeLab and Garoa Hacker Clube. CoffeeLab is the caffeine-geek headquarters in Vila Madalena, São Paulo, Brazil. Garoa Hacker Clube is a hackerspace open to all: a community lab where anyone can freely try out new ideas.
The Garoa community provided inspiration, infrastructure, and slack. I think Aleph would enjoy this book.
My mother, Maria Lucia, and my father, Jairo, always supported me in every way. I wish he was here to see the book; I am glad I can share it with her.
My wife, Marta Mello, endured 15 months of a husband who was always working, but remained supportive and coached me through some critical moments in the project when I feared I might drop out of the marathon.
Thank you all, for everything.
1 Message to the comp.lang.python Usenet group, Dec. 23, 2002: “Acrimony in c.l.p”.
Python Vocabulary List (Sorted by Popularity)
Python Programming Language, Python Interpreter, Python Standard Library, Python Virtual Environment, Python pip (Pip Installs Packages), Python List, Python Dictionary, Python String, Python Function, Python Class, Python Module, Python Package, Python Object, Python Tuple, Python Set, Python Import Statement, Python Exception, Python Decorator, Python Lambda Function, Python Generator, Python Iterable, Python Iterator, Python Comprehension, Python Built-in Function, Python Built-in Type, Python Keyword, Python Conditional Statement, Python Loop, Python For Loop, Python While Loop, Python If Statement, Python elif Statement, Python else Statement, Python Pass Statement, Python Break Statement, Python Continue Statement, Python None Object, Python True, Python False, Python Boolean, Python Integer, Python Float, Python Complex Number, Python Type Hint, Python Annotations, Python File Handling, Python Open Function, Python With Statement, Python Context Manager, Python Exception Handling, Python Try-Except Block, Python Finally Block, Python Raise Statement, Python Assertion, Python Module Search Path, Python sys Module, Python os Module, Python math Module, Python datetime Module, Python random Module, Python re Module (Regular Expressions), Python json Module, Python functools Module, Python itertools Module, Python collections Module, Python pathlib Module, Python subprocess Module, Python argparse Module, Python logging Module, Python unittest Module, Python doctest Module, Python pdb (Python Debugger), Python venv (Virtual Environment), Python PyPI (Python Package Index), Python setuptools, Python distutils, Python wheel, Python pyproject.toml, Python requirements.txt, Python setup.py, Python IDLE, Python REPL (Read-Eval-Print Loop), Python Shebang Line, Python Bytecode, Python Compilation, Python CPython Interpreter, Python PyPy Interpreter, Python Jython Interpreter, Python IronPython Interpreter, Python GIL (Global Interpreter Lock), Python Garbage Collection, Python Memory Management, Python Reference Counting, Python Weak Reference, Python C Extension, Python Extension Modules, Python WSGI (Web Server Gateway Interface), Python ASGI (Asynchronous Server Gateway Interface), Python Django Framework, Python Flask Framework, Python Pyramid Framework, Python Bottle Framework, Python Tornado Framework, Python FastAPI Framework, Python aiohttp Framework, Python Sanic Framework, Python Requests Library, Python urllib Module, Python urllib3 Library, Python BeautifulSoup (HTML Parser), Python lxml (XML Processing), Python Selenium Integration, Python Scrapy Framework, Python Gunicorn Server, Python uWSGI Server, Python mod_wsgi, Python Jinja2 Template, Python Mako Template, Python Chameleon Template, Python Asyncio Library, Python Coroutines, Python Await Statement, Python async/await Syntax, Python Async Generator, Python Event Loop, Python asyncio.gather, Python asyncio.run, Python subprocess.run, Python concurrent.futures, Python Threading Module, Python Multiprocessing Module, Python Queue Module, Python Lock, Python RLock, Python Semaphore, Python Event, Python Condition Variable, Python Barrier, Python Timer, Python Socket Module, Python select Module, Python ssl Module, Python ftplib, Python smtplib, Python imaplib, Python poplib, Python http.client, Python http.server, Python xmlrpc.client, Python xmlrpc.server, Python socketserver Module, Python codecs Module, Python hashlib Module, Python hmac Module, Python secrets Module, Python base64 Module, Python binascii Module, Python zlib Module, Python gzip Module, Python bz2 Module, Python lzma Module, Python tarfile Module, Python zipfile Module, Python shutil Module, Python glob Module, Python fnmatch Module, Python tempfile Module, Python time Module, Python threading.Thread, Python multiprocessing.Process, Python subprocess.Popen, Python logging.Logger, Python logging.Handler, Python logging.Formatter, Python logging.FileHandler, Python logging.StreamHandler, Python logging.config, Python warnings Module, Python traceback Module, Python atexit Module, Python signal Module, Python locale Module, Python getpass Module, Python readline Module, Python rlcompleter Module, Python platform Module, Python sys.path, Python sys.argv, Python sys.exit, Python sys.stdin, Python sys.stdout, Python sys.stderr, Python sys.getsizeof, Python sys.setrecursionlimit, Python sys.version, Python sys.platform, Python sys.modules, Python gc Module, Python gc.collect, Python gc.set_threshold, Python inspect Module, Python inspect.getmembers, Python inspect.signature, Python dis Module, Python disassemble, Python marshal Module, Python tokenize Module, Python tokenize.generate_tokens, Python ast Module, Python ast.parse, Python compile Function, Python eval Function, Python exec Function, Python frozenset, Python bytes Type, Python bytearray Type, Python memoryview Type, Python slice Object, Python range Object, Python reversed Function, Python enumerate Function, Python zip Function, Python map Function, Python filter Function, Python reduce Function, Python sum Function, Python min Function, Python max Function, Python round Function, Python abs Function, Python divmod Function, Python pow Function, Python sorted Function, Python any Function, Python all Function, Python isinstance Function, Python issubclass Function, Python dir Function, Python help Function, Python vars Function, Python id Function, Python hash Function, Python ord Function, Python chr Function, Python bin Function, Python oct Function, Python hex Function, Python repr Function, Python ascii Function, Python callable Function, Python format Function, Python globals, Python locals, Python super Function, Python breakpoint Function, Python input Function, Python print Function, Python open Function, Python eval Function (Repeat noted), Python classmethod, Python staticmethod, Python property Decorator, Python __init__ Method, Python __str__ Method, Python __repr__ Method, Python __eq__ Method, Python __hash__ Method, Python __lt__ Method, Python __le__ Method, Python __gt__ Method, Python __ge__ Method, Python __ne__ Method, Python __add__ Method, Python __sub__ Method, Python __mul__ Method, Python __truediv__ Method, Python __floordiv__ Method, Python __mod__ Method, Python __pow__ Method, Python __len__ Method, Python __getitem__ Method, Python __setitem__ Method, Python __delitem__ Method, Python __contains__ Method, Python __iter__ Method, Python __next__ Method, Python __enter__ Method, Python __exit__ Method, Python __call__ Method, Python __new__ Method, Python __init_subclass__ Method, Python __class_getitem__ Method, Python __mro__, Python __name__ Variable, Python __main__ Module, Python __doc__, Python __package__, Python __file__, Python __debug__, Python unittest.TestCase, Python unittest.main, Python unittest.mock, Python unittest.mock.patch, Python unittest.mock.Mock, Python pytest Framework, Python pytest.mark, Python pytest fixtures, Python nose2 Testing, Python tox Tool, Python coverage Tool, Python hypothesis Testing, Python black Formatter, Python isort Tool, Python flake8 Linter, Python pylint Linter, Python mypy Type Checker, Python bandit Security Linter, Python pydoc Documentation, Python Sphinx Documentation, Python docstrings, Python reStructuredText, Python unittest.mock.MagicMock, Python unittest.mock.MockReturnValue, Python unittest.mock.MockSideEffect, Python argparse.ArgumentParser, Python argparse Namespace, Python configparser Module, Python configparser.ConfigParser, Python json.dumps, Python json.loads, Python json.dump, Python json.load, Python decimal Module, Python fractions Module, Python statistics Module, Python heapq Module, Python bisect Module, Python math.sqrt, Python math.floor, Python math.ceil, Python math.isnan, Python math.isinf, Python math.pi, Python math.e, Python math.gamma, Python random.random, Python random.randint, Python random.choice, Python random.shuffle, Python random.sample, Python datetime.datetime, Python datetime.date, Python datetime.time, Python datetime.timedelta, Python datetime.timezone, Python calendar Module, Python zoneinfo Module, Python locale.getdefaultlocale, Python glob.glob, Python fnmatch.filter, Python shutil.copy, Python shutil.move, Python tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile, Python tempfile.TemporaryDirectory, Python zipfile.ZipFile, Python tarfile.open, Python gzip.open, Python bz2.open, Python lzma.open, Python pickle Module, Python pickle.dump, Python pickle.load, Python shelve Module, Python sqlite3 Module, Python sqlite3.connect, Python http.server.HTTPServer, Python http.server.BaseHTTPRequestHandler, Python wsgiref.simple_server, Python xml.etree.ElementTree, Python xml.etree.Element, Python xml.etree.SubElement, Python configparser.ConfigParser.write, Python configparser.ConfigParser.read, Python re.search, Python re.match, Python re.findall, Python re.split, Python re.sub, Python re.compile, Python logging.basicConfig, Python logging.debug, Python logging.info, Python logging.warning, Python logging.error, Python logging.critical, Python collections.Counter, Python collections.defaultdict, Python collections.OrderedDict, Python collections.deque, Python collections.namedtuple, Python collections.ChainMap, Python dataclasses.dataclass, Python dataclasses.field, Python enum.Enum, Python enum.auto, Python typing Module, Python typing.List, Python typing.Dict, Python typing.Union, Python typing.Optional, Python typing.Any, Python typing.TypeVar, Python typing.Generic, Python typing.Protocol, Python typing.NamedTuple, Python functools.lru_cache, Python functools.reduce, Python functools.partial, Python functools.singledispatch, Python operator Module, Python operator.itemgetter, Python operator.attrgetter, Python operator.methodcaller, Python itertools.chain, Python itertools.product, Python itertools.permutations, Python itertools.combinations, Python itertools.groupby, Python itertools.accumulate, Python parse Library, Python pathlib.Path, Python pathlib.Path.resolve, Python pathlib.Path.mkdir, Python pathlib.Path.rmdir, Python pathlib.Path.unlink, Python pathlib.Path.glob, Python pathlib.Path.read_text, Python pathlib.Path.write_text, Python subprocess.check_call, Python subprocess.check_output, Python subprocess.call, Python unittest.mock.ANY, Python importlib Module, Python importlib.import_module, Python importlib.resources, Python pkgutil Module, Python runpy Module, Python pip wheel, Python pip install, Python pip freeze, Python pip uninstall, Python build Tools, Python twine Upload, Python poetry Package Manager, Python poetry.lock File, Python Hatch Project, Python virtualenv Tool, Python conda Environment, Python cffi Module, Python ctypes Module, Python ctypes.CDLL, Python ctypes.Structure, Python cProfile Module, Python pstats Module, Python timeit Module, Python imaplib.IMAP4, Python smtplib.SMTP, Python ssl.create_default_context, Python email.message.EmailMessage, Python email.mime.text, Python email.mime.multipart, Python xml.dom.minidom, Python xml.dom.pulldom, Python xml.sax Module, Python xml.sax.handler, Python xml.sax.make_parser, Python configobj Library, Python toml Module, Python tomli Module, Python yaml Module (PyYAML), Python pyenv Tool, Python poetry build, Python poetry publish, Python wheel packaging, Python pyinstaller Tool, Python cx_Freeze, Python nuitka Compiler, Python cython Compiler, Python mypy.ini, Python flake8.ini, Python black --check, Python black --diff, Python pylint.rcfile, Python coverage.py, Python coverage.xml, Python coverage combine, Python coverage html, Python coverage report, Python pytest.ini, Python pytest --cov, Python pytest --lf, Python pytest --ff, Python pytest -k, Python pytest -m, Python docker-compose Integration, Python fabric Library, Python invoke Library, Python pipenv Tool, Python pipenv Pipfile, Python pipenv lock, Python poetry pyproject.toml, Python functools.cache, Python functools.total_ordering, Python decimal.Decimal, Python decimal.Context, Python fractions.Fraction, Python fractions.gcd Deprecated, Python statistics.mean, Python statistics.median, Python statistics.mode, Python statistics.stdev, Python statistics.variance, Python tkinter Module, Python tkinter.Tk, Python tkinter.Frame, Python tkinter.Button, Python tkinter.Label, Python tkinter.Entry, Python tkinter.Text, Python tkinter.Menu, Python tkinter.Canvas, Python tkinter filedialog, Python tkinter messagebox, Python tkinter ttk Widgets, Python turtle Module, Python turtle.Turtle, Python curses Module, Python curses.wrapper, Python sqlite3.Cursor, Python sqlite3.Row, Python sqlite3.RowFactory, memory, Python memoryview.cast, Python bisect.bisect, Python bisect.bisect_left, Python bisect.bisect_right, Python heapq.heappush, Python heapq.heappop, Python heapq.heapify, Python math.factorial, Python math.comb, Python math.perm, Python random.uniform, Python random.gauss, Python random.seed, Python datetime.utcnow, Python datetime.now, Python datetime.strptime, Python datetime.strftime, Python timezone.utc, Python zoneinfo.ZoneInfo, Python re.IGNORECASE, Python re.MULTILINE, Python re.DOTALL, Python re.VERBOSE, Python re.IGNORECASE Flag, Python logging.getLogger, Python logging.addHandler, Python logging.setLevel, Python logging.LoggerAdapter, Python warnings.warn, Python warnings.simplefilter, Python pdb.set_trace, Python pdb.runcall, Python pdb.runctx, Python inspect.isfunction, Python inspect.ismethod, Python inspect.isclass, Python inspect.getsource, Python inspect.getdoc, Python ast.literal_eval, Python compile(source), Python eval(expression), Python exec(statement), Python frozenset Literal, Python memoryview Slice, Python slice.start, Python slice.stop, Python slice.step, Python range.start, Python range.stop, Python range.step, Python enumerate(start), Python zip_longest, Python map(func), Python filter(func), Python reduce(func), Python sum(iterable), Python min(iterable), Python max(iterable), Python all(iterable), Python any(iterable), Python isinstance(obj), Python issubclass(cls), Python dir(object), Python help(object), Python vars(object), Python id(object), Python hash(object), Python ord(char), Python chr(int), Python bin(int), Python oct(int), Python hex(int), Python repr(object), Python ascii(object), Python callable(object), Python format(value), Python globals(), Python locals(), Python super(class), Python breakpoint(), Python input(), Python print(), Python open(filename), Python property(fget), Python classmethod(method), Python staticmethod(method), Python __init__.py, Python __main__.py, Python __init__ Module, Python __main__ Execution, Python __doc__ String, Python setuptools.setup, Python setuptools.find_packages, Python distutils.core.setup, Python wheel bdists, Python pyproject.build, Python pydoc CLI, Python Sphinx conf.py, Python docutils Integration, Python unittest.TextTestRunner, Python unittest.TestLoader, Python unittest.TestSuite, Python unittest.skip, Python unittest.expectedFailure, Python unittest.mock.call, Python unittest.mock.Mock.assert_called_with, Python pytest.mark.skip, Python pytest.mark.xfail, Python pytest.mark.parametrize, Python pytest fixture Scope, Python pytest fixture autouse, Python coverage run, Python coverage erase, Python coverage xml, Python coverage json, Python black line-length, Python black target-version, Python pylint --disable, Python pylint --enable, Python flake8 ignore, Python mypy --ignore-missing-imports, Python mypy --strict, Python bandit -r, Python bandit.config, Python cProfile.run, Python pstats.Stats, Python timeit.timeit, Python timeit.repeat, Python multiprocessing.Pool, Python multiprocessing.Queue, Python multiprocessing.Value, Python multiprocessing.Array, Python subprocess.DEVNULL, Python subprocess.PIPE, Python requests.get, Python requests.post, Python requests.put, Python requests.delete, Python requests.Session, Python requests.adapters, Python asyncio.sleep, Python asyncio.create_task, Python asyncio.gather, Python asyncio.wait, Python asyncio.run_until_complete, Python asyncio.Lock, Python asyncio.Semaphore, Python asyncio.Event, Python asyncio.Condition, Python aiohttp.ClientSession, Python aiohttp.web, Python aiohttp.ClientResponse, Python aiohttp.ClientWebSocketResponse, Python websockets.connect, Python websockets.serve, Python sqlalchemy Engine, Python sqlalchemy Session, Python sqlalchemy ORM, Python sqlalchemy Table, Python sqlalchemy Column, Python sqlalchemy create_engine, Python sqlalchemy select, Python sqlalchemy insert, Python sqlalchemy update, Python sqlalchemy delete, Python sqlalchemy MetaData, Python sqlalchemy text, Python ORM Databases, Python celery Task, Python celery Broker, Python celery Worker, Python celery Beat, Python celery Flower, Python gunicorn wsgi, Python uvicorn ASGI, Python hypercorn ASGI, Python waitress WSGI, Python werkzeug WSGI, Python gevent Hub, Python greenlet, Python eventlet, Python paramiko SSH, Python scp Module, Python fabric task, Python invoke task, Python importlib.metadata, Python toml.load, Python yaml.safe_load, Python yaml.dump, Python pyenv install, Python pyenv global, Python pyenv local, Python pipenv install, Python pipenv run, Python poetry install, Python poetry run, Python poetry publish, Python hatch build, Python hatch run, Python conda install, Python conda create, Python conda activate, Python cffi.FFI, Python ctypes.Structure, Python ctypes.byref, Python ctypes.pointer, Python cProfile.Profile, Python pstats.sort_stats, Python timeit.default_timer, Python zoneinfo.ZoneInfo.from_file, Python xml.dom.minidom.parse, Python xml.dom.minidom.parseString, Python xml.sax.parse, Python xml.sax.ContentHandler, Python configobj.ConfigObj, Python tomli.load, Python yaml.Loader, Python pydoc -w, Python Sphinx autodoc, Python unittest.mock.patch.object, Python unittest.mock.call_args, Python unittest.mock.call_count, Python pytest --maxfail, Python pytest --disable-warnings, Python pytest --last-failed, Python pytest --exitfirst, Python pytest -v, Python pytest -q, Python pytest -s, Python pytest-cov Plugin, Python pytest-xdist Parallel, Python pytest-mock Plugin, Python docker run (Python-based Images), Python fabric.Connection, Python fabric.run, Python fabric.sudo, Python pipenv shell, Python pipenv graph, Python poetry lock, Python poetry update, Python black --check, Python black --diff, Python pylint --rcfile, Python flake8 --max-line-length, Python flake8 --statistics, Python isort --profile black, Python mypy.ini settings, Python bandit.yaml, Python coverage combine, Python coverage html, Python coverage json, Python coverage report
Python: Python Variables, Python Data Types, Python Control Structures, Python Loops, Python Functions, Python Modules, Python Packages, Python File Handling, Python Errors and Exceptions, Python Classes and Objects, Python Inheritance, Python Polymorphism, Python Encapsulation, Python Abstraction, Python Lists, Python Dictionaries, Python Tuples, Python Sets, Python String Manipulation, Python Regular Expressions, Python Comprehensions, Python Lambda Functions, Python Map, Filter, and Reduce, Python Decorators, Python Generators, Python Context Managers, Python Concurrency with Threads, Python Asynchronous Programming, Python Multiprocessing, Python Networking, Python Database Interaction, Python Debugging, Python Testing and Unit Testing, Python Virtual Environments, Python Package Management, Python Data Analysis, Python Data Visualization, Python Web Scraping, Python Web Development with Flask/Django, Python API Interaction, Python GUI Programming, Python Game Development, Python Security and Cryptography, Python Blockchain Programming, Python Machine Learning, Python Deep Learning, Python Natural Language Processing, Python Computer Vision, Python Robotics, Python Scientific Computing, Python Data Engineering, Python Cloud Computing, Python DevOps Tools, Python Performance Optimization, Python Design Patterns, Python Type Hints, Python Version Control with Git, Python Documentation, Python Internationalization and Localization, Python Accessibility, Python Configurations and Environments, Python Continuous Integration/Continuous Deployment, Python Algorithm Design, Python Problem Solving, Python Code Readability, Python Software Architecture, Python Refactoring, Python Integration with Other Languages, Python Microservices Architecture, Python Serverless Computing, Python Big Data Analysis, Python Internet of Things (IoT), Python Geospatial Analysis, Python Quantum Computing, Python Bioinformatics, Python Ethical Hacking, Python Artificial Intelligence, Python Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality, Python Blockchain Applications, Python Chatbots, Python Voice Assistants, Python Edge Computing, Python Graph Algorithms, Python Social Network Analysis, Python Time Series Analysis, Python Image Processing, Python Audio Processing, Python Video Processing, Python 3D Programming, Python Parallel Computing, Python Event-Driven Programming, Python Reactive Programming.
Variables, Data Types, Control Structures, Loops, Functions, Modules, Packages, File Handling, Errors and Exceptions, Classes and Objects, Inheritance, Polymorphism, Encapsulation, Abstraction, Lists, Dictionaries, Tuples, Sets, String Manipulation, Regular Expressions, Comprehensions, Lambda Functions, Map, Filter, and Reduce, Decorators, Generators, Context Managers, Concurrency with Threads, Asynchronous Programming, Multiprocessing, Networking, Database Interaction, Debugging, Testing and Unit Testing, Virtual Environments, Package Management, Data Analysis, Data Visualization, Web Scraping, Web Development with Flask/Django, API Interaction, GUI Programming, Game Development, Security and Cryptography, Blockchain Programming, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Natural Language Processing, Computer Vision, Robotics, Scientific Computing, Data Engineering, Cloud Computing, DevOps Tools, Performance Optimization, Design Patterns, Type Hints, Version Control with Git, Documentation, Internationalization and Localization, Accessibility, Configurations and Environments, Continuous Integration/Continuous Deployment, Algorithm Design, Problem Solving, Code Readability, Software Architecture, Refactoring, Integration with Other Languages, Microservices Architecture, Serverless Computing, Big Data Analysis, Internet of Things (IoT), Geospatial Analysis, Quantum Computing, Bioinformatics, Ethical Hacking, Artificial Intelligence, Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality, Blockchain Applications, Chatbots, Voice Assistants, Edge Computing, Graph Algorithms, Social Network Analysis, Time Series Analysis, Image Processing, Audio Processing, Video Processing, 3D Programming, Parallel Computing, Event-Driven Programming, Reactive Programming.
Python Glossary, Python Fundamentals, Python Inventor: Python Language Designer: Guido van Rossum on 20 February 1991; PEPs, Python Scripting, Python Keywords, Python Built-In Data Types, Python Data Structures - Python Algorithms, Python Syntax, Python OOP - Python Design Patterns, Python Module Index, pymotw.com, Python Package Manager (pip-PyPI), Python Virtualization (Conda, Miniconda, Virtualenv, Pipenv, Poetry), Python Interpreter, CPython, Python REPL, Python IDEs (PyCharm, Jupyter Notebook), Python Development Tools, Python Linter, Pythonista-Python User, Python Uses, List of Python Software, Python Popularity, Python Compiler, Python Transpiler, Python DevOps - Python SRE, Python Data Science - Python DataOps, Python Machine Learning, Python Deep Learning, Functional Python, Python Concurrency - Python GIL - Python Async (Asyncio), Python Standard Library, Python Testing (Pytest), Python Libraries (Flask), Python Frameworks (Django), Python History, Python Bibliography, Manning Python Series, Python Official Glossary - Python Glossary - Glossaire de Python - French, Python Topics, Python Courses, Python Research, Python GitHub, Written in Python, Python Awesome List, Python Versions. (navbar_python - see also navbar_python_libaries, navbar_python_standard_library, navbar_python_virtual_environments, navbar_numpy, navbar_datascience)
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