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Erlang
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Here is a comprehensive summary of the Erlang programming language in MediaWiki syntax, complete with section headings, URLs to the GitHub repository, official documentation, the official website, and five code examples.
Introduction to Erlang
Erlang is a concurrent, functional programming language designed for building scalable and maintainable applications, especially suited for concurrent systems. Developed by Ericsson in the mid-1980s, it was originally created to improve the development of telecommunication systems but has since found widespread use in various domains like banking, ecommerce, and instant messaging.
Design Philosophy
The language is designed around a lightweight process model, error handling mechanisms, and dynamic typing. Its concurrency model, based on the actor model, allows processes to communicate through message passing, making it highly effective for parallel programming.
Concurrency Model
Erlang's concurrency model is one of its defining features. It enables the creation of thousands of lightweight processes within the Erlang virtual machine (VM), facilitating the development of high-performance, concurrent applications with ease.
Fault Tolerance
Erlang is renowned for its fault tolerance. The language's approach to error handling and its “let it crash” philosophy allow developers to build robust systems that can recover from failures automatically, ensuring system reliability.
Erlang Syntax
The syntax of Erlang is distinctive and tailored to its functional and concurrent programming paradigms. It emphasizes pattern matching, recursion, and higher-order functions, offering a different approach compared to imperative programming languages.
OTP Framework
The Open Telecom Platform (OTP) is a set of Erlang libraries and design principles providing middleware to develop complex systems. It includes tools for building servers, supervising trees of workers, and dynamically upgrading running systems.
Distribution and Networking
Erlang excels in distributed systems. Its built-in support for networking and distribution allows developers to write systems that can be distributed over multiple nodes with little to no modification to the code.
Performance
While Erlang is not known for computational speed, its performance in terms of concurrency, fault tolerance, and system responsiveness is exceptional, especially in networked and distributed environments.
Ecosystem and Community
The Erlang ecosystem includes a variety of tools, libraries, and frameworks that extend its capabilities, supported by an active and engaged community of developers who contribute to its growth and development.
Applications of Erlang
Erlang is used in numerous high-profile applications, from telecommunications systems to database servers and web applications, exemplifying its versatility and reliability in production environments.
Learning Resources
For new developers, there are many resources available to learn Erlang, including official tutorials, books, online courses, and community forums, making it accessible to start with Erlang programming.
Erlang Installation
Erlang can be installed on various operating systems, including Windows, macOS, and Linux, with binaries available on its official website or through package managers like Homebrew and apt.
Erlang GitHub Repository
The Erlang source code and its contributions are available on GitHub, offering a resource for developers to explore its internals or contribute to its development. s://github.com/erlang/otp(https://github.com/erlang/otp)
Erlang Documentation
Comprehensive documentation for Erlang is available, detailing its syntax, modules, and OTP principles, serving as an invaluable resource for developers. s://www.erlang.org/docs(https://www.erlang.org/docs)
Official Erlang Website
The official website for Erlang provides downloads, documentation, and the latest news regarding the language and its development. s://www.erlang.org/(https://www.erlang.org/)
Code Example: Hello World
Erlang ```erlang -module(hello). -export([world/0]).
world() →
io:fwrite("Hello, world!\n").
```
Code Example: Factorial Function
Erlang ```erlang -module(factorial). -export([fact/1]).
fact(0) → 1; fact(N) when N > 0 → N * fact(N-1). ```
Code Example: Concurrent Ping-Pong
Erlang ```erlang -module(pingpong). -export([start/0, ping/0, pong/0]).
start() →
PongPid = spawn(?MODULE, pong, []), spawn(?MODULE, ping, [PongPid]).
ping(PongPid) →
PongPid ! ping,
receive
pong ->
io:fwrite("Ping received pong\n")
end,
ping(PongPid).
pong() →
receive
ping ->
io:fwrite("Pong received ping\n"),
self() ! pong
end,
pong().
```
Code Example: List Comprehensions
Erlang ```erlang -module(listcomp). -export([squares/1]).
squares(N) →
[X*X || X <- lists:seq(1, N)].```
Code Example: Map Function
Erlang ```erlang -module(mapfunc). -export([map/2]).
map(F, List) →
[F(X) || X <- List].```
These paragraphs and examples provide a detailed overview of Erlang, covering its history, design philosophy, key features, and practical applications, alongside essential resources for those interested in diving deeper into Erlang programming.
- Snippet from Wikipedia: Erlang (programming language)
Erlang ( UR-lang) is a general-purpose, concurrent, functional high-level programming language, and a garbage-collected runtime system. The term Erlang is used interchangeably with Erlang/OTP, or Open Telecom Platform (OTP), which consists of the Erlang runtime system, several ready-to-use components (OTP) mainly written in Erlang, and a set of design principles for Erlang programs.
The Erlang runtime system is designed for systems with these traits:
- Distributed
- Fault-tolerant
- Soft real-time
- Highly available, non-stop applications
- Hot swapping, where code can be changed without stopping a system.
The Erlang programming language has immutable data, pattern matching, and functional programming. The sequential subset of the Erlang language supports eager evaluation, single assignment, and dynamic typing.
A normal Erlang application is built out of hundreds of small Erlang processes.
It was originally proprietary software within Ericsson, developed by Joe Armstrong, Robert Virding, and Mike Williams in 1986, but was released as free and open-source software in 1998. Erlang/OTP is supported and maintained by the Open Telecom Platform (OTP) product unit at Ericsson.
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