https://DevOpsCloud.io -- Cloud Monk Losang Jinpa, Ph.D., MCSE/MCT, GitOps DevOps Engineer

feeling, sentiment, e[[motion

C J K

情情情

qíng じょう (jou) 정 /dʒ ə ŋ/

忄 11

① 情报: qíngbào ① 情報: じょうほう ① 情報: 정 보

② 情绪: qíngxù ② 情緒: じょうちょ ② 情緖: 정 서

③ 情势: qíngshì ③ 情勢: じょうせい ③ 情勢: 정 세

① information, intelligence ② mood, spirit ③ conditions, circumstances, state of affairs

A phono-semantic compound between the semantic 'heart (忄)' and the phonetic 'cyan (青)', meaning 'e[[motion' or the basis of human nature.

310: 惜

cherish, value, pity, scorn

C J K

惜惜惜

xī せき (seki) 석 /səɡ/

忄 11

① 可惜: kě xī ① 哀惜: あいせき ① 哀惜: 애석

② 爱惜: àixí ② 愛惜: あいせき ② 愛惜: 애석

③ 惜别: xī bié ③ 惜别: せきべつ ③ 惜別: 석별

① grief, regrettable, lamentable ② cherish, treasure, hold dear ③ parting reluctantly, parting regrets

A phono-semantic compound combining the semantic 'heart (忄)' with the phonetic 'earlier (昔)', meaning the heart is broken and grief-stricken from past calamities and misfortunes.

311: 惠

favor, benefit, show kindness

C J K

惠恵惠

huì けい (kei) 혜 /he/

心 12

心 10

心 12

① 恩惠: ēnhuì ① 恩恵: おんけい ① 恩惠: 은혜

② 特惠: tè huì ② 特恵: とっけい ② 特惠: 특 혜

③ 互惠: hù huì ③ 互恵: ごけい ③ 互惠: 호 혜

① grace, blessing, mercy ② privileges, preferential treatment, special favor ③ reciprocate, mutual benefit, win-win

A compound ideogram combining 'only (叀)' with 'heart (㣺)', meaning 'favor' is bestowed for the heart and soul.

312: 惡

evil, wicked, bad, foul, un-good

C J K

恶悪惡

è あく (aku) 악 /ʌɡ/

心 10

心 11

心 12

① 恶毒: èdú ① 悪辣: あくらつ ① 惡辣: 악랄

② 恶梦: èmèng ② 悪夢: あくむ ② 惡夢: 악몽

③ 恶化: èhuà ③ 悪化: あっか ③ 惡化: 악화

① vicious, unscrupulous, conniving ② nightmare, bad dream ③ deteriorate, worsen

A phono-semantic compound between the phonetic component 'crude (亞)' and the semantic 'heart (㣺)', meaning 'evil' done knowingly cannot be pardonable.

313: 想

think, consider, speculate

C J K

想想想

xiǎng そう (sou) 상 /sʌ ŋ/

心 13

① 想像: xiǎng xiàng ① 想像: そうぞう ① 想像: 상 상

② 理想: lǐ xiǎng ② 理想: りそう ② 理想: 이 상

③ 预想: yù xiǎng ③ 予想: よそう ④ 瞑想: 명 상

① imagination ② ideal, quintessential ③ anticipation, expectation, foresight ④ meditation, contemplation

A phono-semantic compound combining the semantic 'heart (㣺)' with the phonetic 'reciprocal (相)', meaning 'think' by looking closely into something.

314: 愁

unhappy, morose, gloom

C J K

愁愁愁

chóu しゅう (shuu) 수 /su/

心 13

① 乡愁: xiāng chóu ① 郷愁: きょうしゅう ① 鄕愁: 향 수

② 忧愁: yōu chóu ② 憂愁: ゆうしゅう ② 憂愁: 우 수

③ 哀愁: āichóu ③ 哀愁: あいしゅう ③ 哀愁: 애수

① homesickness, longing for home ② melancholy, morose ③ intractable sorrow, grief-stricken

A phono-semantic compound between the semantic 'heart (心)' and the phonetic 'autumn (秋)', meaning 'melancholy', because all things begin to wither and die with the shortening days of fall.

315: 意

thought, idea, meaning

C J K

意意意

yì い (i) 의 /ɜɪ/

心 13

① 意味: yì wèi ① 意味: いみ ① 意味: 의 미

② 意见: yì jiàn ② 意見: いけん ② 意見: 의 견

③ 意志: yì zhì ④ 意識: いしき ⑤ 無意識: 무 의 식

① meaning, significance ② view, opinion ③ will, volition ④ consciousness ⑤ unconsciousness, involuntariness

A compound ideogram combining 'sound (音)' with 'heart (㣺)', meaning that what one hears is then understood in the heart. In other words, the sounds of the heart give meaning to things.

316: 愛

love, like, fondness

C J K

爱愛愛

ài あい (ai) 애 /e/

爪 10

心 13

① 爱情: àiqíng ① 愛情: あいじょう ① 愛情: 애정

② 爱犬: àiquǎn ② 愛犬: あいけん ② 愛犬: 애견

③ 爱护: àihù ③ 愛護: あいご ③ 愛護: 애호

① love, affection ② pet dog ③ protect, care for

A phono-semantic compound between the phonetic 'walk slowly (夊)' and 'full heart (㤅)', meaning 'love'. Components include fingernails: 爫, cover: 冖, heart: 心, and go slow: 夂.

317: 感

feel, sense, perceive, e[[motion

C J K

感感感

gǎn かん (kan) 감 /ɡʌm/

心 13

① 感情: gǎn qíng ① 感情: かんじょう ① 感情: 감 정

② 感性: gǎn xìng ② 感性: かんせい ② 感性: 감 성

③ 预感: yù gǎn ③ 予感: よかん ③ 豫感: 예 감

① feeling, e[[motion, sentiment ② senses, sensitivity, perception ③ premonition, foreboding, intuition

A phono-semantic compound between the phonetic 'together (咸)' and the semantic 'heart (㣺)', meaning people must see eye-to-eye on matters if they are to 'feel' the same about anything.

318: 慈

kind, loving, giving, merciful

C J K

慈慈慈

cí じ (ji) 자 /dʒʌ/

心 13

① 慈悲: cíbēi ① 慈悲: じひ ① 慈悲: 자 비

② 慈善: cí shàn ② 慈善: じぜん ② 慈善: 자 선

③ 仁慈: rén cí ③ 仁慈: じんじ ③ 仁慈: 인 자

① compassion, mercy ② charity, philanthropy ③ benevolent, benign

A phono-semantic compound between the phonetic 'dense (兹)' and the semantic 'heart (㣺)', meaning 'peaceful mind'. 兹 means thick and luscious grass, originally meaning a mother's love for her child, whom she raised unconditionally without reservations of any kind.

319: 慶

congratulate, celebrate

C J K

庆慶慶

qìng けい (kei) 경 /ɡyə ŋ/

广 6

心 15

① 庆祝: qìngzhù ① 慶祝: けいしゅく ① 慶祝: 경축

② 庆典: qìngdiǎn ② 慶事: けいじ ② 慶事: 경 사

① celebrate, jubilate ② celebration, festival

A compound ideogram between the modified form of 'deer (鹿)', 'heart (㣺)', and 'walk slowly (夊↔夂)', meaning 'celebrate' with a festive heart for an auspicious occasion, walking slowly, and bearing gifts of deerskin.

320: 憂

sad, grieved, melancholy

C J K

忧憂憂

yōu ゆう (yuu) 우 /u/

忄 7

心 15

① 忧郁: yōu yù ① 憂鬱: ゆううつ ① 憂鬱: 우울

② 忧虑: yōulǜ ② 憂慮: ゆうりょ ② 憂慮: 우려

③ 忧愁: yōu chóu ③ 憂愁: ゆうしゅう ③ 憂愁: 우 수

① depression, dispirited ② anxiety, concern ③ melancholy, pensive

Either a phono-semantic compound or a compound ideogram between 'head (頁)' and 'heart (㣺)' with 'go slow (夂)', meaning 'grief' is evident and expressed on the face.

321: 憶

remember, memory

C J K

忆憶憶

yì おく (oku) 억 /əɡ/

忄 4

心 16

① 记忆: jì yì ① 記憶: きおく ① 記憶: 기 억

② 追忆: zhuī yì ② 追憶: ついおく ② 追憶: 추억

① memory, recollection ② memories, reminiscence

A phono-semantic compound combining the semantic 'heart (忄)' with the phonetic 'thought (意)', meaning 'remember'.

322: 應

should, ought to, answer, respond to

C J K

应応應

yīng おう (ou) 응 /ɜŋ/

广 7

心 7

心 17

① 对应: duìyìng ① 対応: たいおう ① 對應: 대응

② 适应: shì yìng ② 適応: てきおう ② 適應: 적응

③ 反应: fǎnyìng ③ 反応: はんおう ③ 反應: 반응

① correspond, countermeasure ② adaptation, adjustment ③ reaction, response

A phono-semantic compound between the phonetic 'wild goose (雁)' and semantic 'heart (㣺)', meaning migrant birds 'must' have order in flight.

323: 成

achieve, completion

C J K

成成成

c[[héng]] せい (sei) 성 /sə ŋ/

戈 6

① 成人: c[[héng]]rén ① 成人: せいじん ① 成人: 성 인

② 成长: c[[héng]]zhǎng ② 成長: せいちょう ② 成長: 성 장

③ 成熟: c[[héng]]shú ③ 成熟: せいじゅく ③ 成熟: 성숙

① adult, grown-up, age of majority ② growth, expansion ③ ripe, mature, maturity

A phono-semantic compound with the radical 'lance (戈)', originally derived from a depiction of a block of wood being split with a hatchet, later coming to mean 'constitute'. The element 'young man (丁)' is the phonetic component, but is often written as 𠃌.

324: 我

I, me, my, we, us, our

C J K

我我我

wǒ が (ka) 아 /ʌ/

戈 7

① 自我: zì wǒ ① 自我: じが ① 自我: 자아

② 我见: wǒ jiàn ② 我執: がしゅう ② 我執: 아집

③ 忘我: wàng wǒ ③ 忘我: ぼうが ③ 忘我: 망아

① self, oneself, ego ② self-centered, egocentric ③ selfless, trance, rapture

A pictogram originally depicting a weapon with saw-teeth, later coming to mean 'I' or 'me' because the weapon was used to pull it towards oneself.

325: 戰

contention, war, battle

C J K

战戦戰

zhàn せん (sen) 전 /dʒ ən/

戈 9

戈 13

戈 16

① 战争: zhàn zhēng ① 戦争: せんそう ① 戰爭: 전쟁

② 作战: zuò zhàn ② 作戦: さくせん ② 作戰: 작 전

③ 战略: zhànlüè ③ 戦略: せんりゃく ③ 戰略: 전략

① war, bloodshed ② tactics, game plan, combat ③ strategy

A phono-semantic compound between the phonetic 'single (單)' and the semantic 'lance (戈)', meaning 'fight' with a weapon. 單 stands in for 'large (大)', meaning battle with formidable arms.

326: 戶

door, family, household

C J K

户戸戶

hù こ (ko)/と (to) 호 /hɔ/

户 4

戸 4

戶 4

① 户籍: hù jí ① 戸籍: こせき ① 戶籍: 호적

② 户口: hù kǒu ② 戸口: とぐち ② 戶口: 호 구

③ 户主: hù zhǔ ③ 戸主: こしゅ ③ 戶主: 호 주

① family register, census register, household register ② households & inhabitants, total population, census ③ head of household, house master, patriarch, matriarch

A pictogram depicting just one side of a two-frame door, meaning 'door' or 'household'.

327: 所

place, location, position

C J K

所所所

suǒ しょ (sho) 소 /sɔ/

户 8

戸 8

戶 8

① 场所: chǎngsuǒ ① 場所: ばしょ ① 場所: 장 소

② 住所: zhù suǒ ② 住所: じゅうしょ ② 住所: 주 소

③ 所有: suǒ yǒu ③ 所有: しょゆう ③ 所有: 소 유

① public place, location, spot ② address, residence, domicile ③ ownership, possession, control

Either a compound ideogram or a phono-semantic compound between 'door (戶)' and 'hatchet (斤)', originally meaning 'sound of axe cutting wood', later coming to mean 'residence'.

328: 手

hand

C J K

手手手

shǒu しゅ (shu)/て (te) 수 /su/

手 4

① 手巾: shǒu jīn ① 手巾: しゅきん ① 手巾: 수 건

② 手铐: shǒu kào ② 手錠: てじょう ② 手匣: 수갑

③ 手术: shǒu shù ④ 手術: しゅじゅつ ④ 手動: 수 동

① hand towel, towel ② handcuffs, manacles ③ surgical operation ④ manual operation

A pictogram depicting the hand with five fingers, only coming to adopt the current form much later. '手' loses the top stroke and becomes '扌' when used as a component in another character, often as the radical.

329: 才

talent, ability

C J K

才才才

cái さい (sai) 재 /dʒe/

扌 3

① 才能: cáinéng ① 才能: さいのう ① 才能: 재능

② 天才: tiāncái ② 天才: てんさい ② 天才: 천 재

③ 笨才: bèncái ③ 鈍才: どんさい ③ 鈍才: 둔재

① skill, talent ability ② genius, prodigy, brilliant ③ stupid, dull

A simple ideogram from an oracle bone inscription depicting a budding sprout, later coming to mean 'talent' or 'ability'.

330: 打

strike, hit, beat, attack, fight

C J K

打打打

dǎ だ (da) 타 /tʌ/

扌 5

① 殴打: ōudǎ ① 殴打: おうだ ① 毆打: 구 타

② 打开: dǎ kāi ② 打開: だかい ② 打開: 타 개

③ 打字: dǎ zì ③ 打鍵: だけん ③ 打字: 타 자

① blow, box, hit, battery ② breakthrough, break deadlock, solution ③ typing, key stroke

A phono-semantic compound between the semantic 'hand (扌)' and the phonetic 'nail or peg (丁)', originally an onomatopoeia mimicking the sound of the hand striking an object with, or without, an instrument.

331: 扶

help, aid, support

C J K

扶扶扶

fú ふ (fu) 부 /bu/

扌 7

① 扶助: fú zhù ① 扶助: ふじょ ① 扶助: 부 조

② 扶养: fú yǎng ② 扶養: ふよう ② 扶養: 부양

① aid, support, assistance ② family maintenance support (child, spouse, elders, etc.)

A phono-semantic compound between the semantic 'hand (扌)' and the phonetic 'man (夫)', meaning a strong man is fit to offer 'help' or otherwise lend 'support'.

332: 承

support, bear, piece together, link

C J K

承承承

c[[héng]] しょう (shou) 승 /sɜŋ/

手 8

① 承认: c[[héng]]rèn ① 承認: しょうにん ① 承認: 승 인

② 承诺: c[[héng]]nuò ② 承諾: しょうだく ② 承諾: 승낙

③ 继承: jì c[[héng]] ③ 承継: しょうけい ③ 繼承: 계 승

① approval, acknowledgment recognition ② assent, consent, commitment, agreement ③ succession, accession, inheritance

A phono-semantic compound between the semantic 'hand (扌)' and the phonetic 'rescue (丞)', meaning 'link' or 'hold up'. 承 is a variant of 丞, originally depicting two hands saving someone who has fallen into a pit.

333: 技

skill, dexterity, talent, ingenuity

C J K

技技技

jì ぎ (gi) 기 /ɡɪ/

扌 7

① 技术: jì shù ① 技術: ぎじゅつ ① 技術: 기 술

② 技工: jì gōng ② 技工: ぎこう ② 技工: 기 공

③ 技能: jìnéng ③ 技能: ぎのう ③ 技能: 기능

① technology, technique, art, craft ② skilled worker, artisan, technician, craftsman ③ skill, know-how, savvy

A phono-semantic compound combining 'hand (扌)' and 'stem (支)', meaning it takes 'skill' and 'ingenuity' of craftsmanship to make something with just the hands and bamboo stems.

334: 投

throw, hurl, lob, thrust

C J K

投投投

tóu とう (tou) 투 /tu/

扌 7

① 投票: tóu piào ① 投票: とうひょう ① 投票: 투 표

② 投资: tóuzī ② 投資: とうし ② 投資: 투 자

③ 投入: tóu rù ③ 投入: とうにゅう ③ 投入: 투 입

① vote, cast a vote ② invest, investment ③ inject, add, insert, deposit

A phono-semantic compound combining 'hand (扌)' and 'club or spear (殳)', meaning to 'throw' a weapon with the hand.

335: 抱

hug, embrace, wrap, envelop

C J K

抱抱抱

bào ほう (hou) 포 /pɔ/

扌 8

① 拥抱: yōng bào ① 抱擁: ほうよう ① 抱擁: 포옹

② 抱负: bào fù ② 抱負: ほうふ ② 抱負: 포 부

① hug, embrace ② dreams, aspirations, ambitions

A phono-semantic compound combining the semantic 'hand (扌)' with the phonetic 'cradle (包)', meaning 'embrace'.

336: 招

draw, summon, invite

C J K

招招招

zhāo しょう (shou) 초 /tʃ ɔ/

扌 8

① 招待: zhāodài ① 招待: しょうたい ① 招待: 초대

② 招聘: zhāopìn ② 招聘: しょうへい ② 招聘: 초빙

③ 招请: zhāoqǐng ③ 招請: しょうせい ③ 招請: 초청

① invitation, welcome, receive ② call for, request for, advertise for ③ sponsor, underwrite, guarantee

A phono-semantic compound between the semantic 'hand (扌)' and the phonetic 'summon (召)', meaning 'hail' or 'call' with hand gestures.

337: 拜

bow, honor, show respect

C J K

拜拝拜

bài はい (hai) 배 /be/

手 9

扌 8

手 9

① 崇拜: chóng bài ① 崇排: すうはい ① 崇拜: 숭배

② 拜年: bàinián ③ 排斥: はいせき ② 歲拜: 세 배

④ 礼拜: lǐ bài ④ 礼排: れいはい ④ 禮拜: 예 배

① worship, reverence, veneration ② New Year's bow, New Year's visit ③ boycott, expulsion, ostracism ④ religious service, sermon, day of the week

A compound ideogram originally depicting a hand holding a long shaft-like wand in offering 'bows' to the gods, coming to adopt the current form only later.

338: 拾

pick up, collect, put away

C J K

拾拾拾

shí しゅう (shuu) 습 /sɜb/

扌 9

① 拾得: shídé ① 拾得: しゅうとく ① 拾得: 습득

② 拾取: shí qǔ - ② 拾取: 습취

③ 拾遗: shí yí ③ 拾遺: しゅうい ③ 拾遺: 습유

① find, pick up, acquire ② eat, consume, intake ③ appropriate someone else's lost property, buttress omissions

A phono-semantic compound between the semantic 'hand (扌)' and phonetic 'combine (合)', meaning 'pick up' some fallen object by hand.

339: 持

keep, carry, hold, sustain

C J K

持持持

chí じ (ji) 지 /dʒ ɪ/

扌 9

① 维持: wéi chí ① 維持: いじ ① 維持: 유 지

② 持久: chí jiǔ ② 持久: じきゅう ② 持久: 지 구

③ 持续: chí xù ③ 持続: じぞく ③ 持續: 지 속

① maintain, preserve, perpetuate ② lasting, endurance, tenacity, durability ③ ceaseless, continuous, sustained

A phono-semantic compound between the semantic 'hand (扌)' and the phonetic 'serve (寺)', meaning 'keep'. Originally a compound between 'hand (寸)' and 'object (土)', but 扌 was added when 寺 came to take on the meaning of 'temple' or 'monastery'.

340: 指

finger, point, indicate

C J K

指指指

zhǐ し (shi) 지 /dʒ ɪ/

扌 9

① 指纹: zhǐ wén ① 指紋: しもん ① 指紋: 지 문

② 指名: zhǐ míng ② 指名: しめい ② 指名: 지 명

③ 指定: zhǐ dìng ③ 指定: してい ③ 指定: 지 정

① fingerprint, dactylogram ② nominate, name, suggest ③ designate, appoint, assign

A phono-semantic compound combining 'hand (扌)' with 'delicious (旨)', meaning 'finger' because people used their fingers to eat before the utensils.

341: 授

give, confer, endow

C J K

授授授

shòu じゅ (ju) 수 /su/

扌 11

① 教授: jiàoshòu ① 教授: きょうじゅ ① 敎授: 교 수

② 传授: chuánshòu ② 伝授: でんじゅ ② 傳授: 전 수

③ 授课: shòu kè ③ 授業: じゅぎょう ③ 授業: 수 업

① professor, lecturer, instructor ② instruct, pass on ③ lesson, instruction, teach

A phono-semantic compound between the semantic 'hand (扌)' and the phonetic 'receive (受)', meaning to 'give'. The 扌 was added when 受 came to only mean receive.

342: 採

trowel, sift, burrow, collect

C J K

采採採

cǎi さい (sai) 채 /tʃe/

釆 8

扌 11

① 采集: cǎijí ① 採集: さいしゅう ① 採集: 채집

② 采取: cǎiqǔ ② 採択: さいたく ② 採擇: 채 택

③ 采择: cǎizé ③ 採取: さいしゅ ③ 採取: 채취

① collect, gather ② adopt, put to use, employ ③ harvesting, extracting, gathering

A compound ideogram between 'hand (扌)' and 'pick (采)', meaning 'burrow' or 'collect'.

343: 探

find, search, look for

C J K

探探探

tàn たん (tan) 탐 /tʌm/

扌 11

① 探索: tàn suǒ ① 探索: たんさく ① 探索: 탐색

② 探查: tànchá ② 探査: たんさ ② 探査: 탐사

③ 探险: tàn xiǎn ③ 探険: たんけん ③ 探險: 탐험

① probe, search, explore ② examination, inquiry, investigation ③ expedition, exploration, excursion

A phono-semantic compound between the semantic 'hand (扌)' and the phonetic 'deep (罙)', meaning reach in and 'pull' something out by hand.

344: 接

connect, make contact, receive

C J K

接接接

jiē せつ (setsu) 접 /dʒ əb/

扌 11

① 直接: zhí jiē ① 直接: ちょくせつ ① 直接: 직접

② 接受: jiēshòu ② 接受: せつじゅ ② 接受: 접수

③ 接续: jiē xù ③ 接続: せつぞく ③ 接續: 접속

① direct, first-hand, personally ② reception, admittance, acceptance ③ connect, link

A phono-semantic compound combining the semantic 'hand (扌)' with the phonetic 'mistress (妾)', meaning 'connect' with the hand.

345: 推

push, press, prod, shove

C J K

推推推

tuī すい (sui) 추 /tʃu/

扌 11

① 推进: tuī jìn ① 推進: すいしん ① 推進: 추진

② 推荐: tuī jiàn ② 推薦: すいせん ② 推薦: 추천

③ 推移: tuī yí ③ 推移: すいい ③ 推移: 추이

① propel, promote, pursue, advance ② recommend, endorse, refer ③ change, transition, passing

A phono-semantic compound between the semantic 'hand (扌)' and the phonetic 'bird (隹)', meaning 'push' with the hand, originally meaning 'prod outside' by comparing birds flying freely outdoors.

346: 揚

raise, wave, let fly

C J K

扬揚揚

yáng よう (you) 양 /yʌŋ/

扌 6

扌 12

① 抑扬: yì yáng ① 抑揚: よくよう ① 抑揚: 억양

② 浮扬: fú yáng ② 浮揚: ふよう ② 浮揚: 부양

③ 高扬: gāoyáng ③ 高揚: こうよう ③ 高揚: 고양

① intonation, modulation, inflection, accent ② flotage, buoyant, airy ③ exalt, uplift, promote, extol

A phono-semantic compound between the semantic 'hand (扌)' and the phonetic 'bright (昜)', meaning 'lift' or 'raise' the hand to make things clearly and brightly visible.

347: 擧

hold, lift, raise

C J K

举挙擧

jǔ きょ (kyo) 거 /ɡə/

丶 9

手 10

手 18

① 选举: xuǎnjǔ ① 選挙: せんきょ ① 選擧: 선 거

② 举国: jǔ guó ② 挙国: きょこく ② 擧國: 거 국

③ 举重: jǔzhòng ④ 挙兵: きょへい ⑤ 擧事: 거 사

① election, balloting ② entire country ③ weightlifting ④ raise an army ⑤ revolt, insurrection, riot

A phono-semantic compound combining the semantic 'hand (扌)' with phonetic 'together (與)', meaning 'lift' together with the hands of many something that is shared among men as one.

348: 支

ride out, go through, dispense

C J K

支支支

zhī し (shi) 지 /dʒ ɪ/

支 4

① 支持: zhī chí ① 支持: しじ ① 支持: 지 지

② 支配: zhīpèi ② 支配: しはい ② 支配: 지 배

③ 干支: gānzhī ③ 干支: かんし ③ 干支: 간 지

① support, prop up ② dominate, control ③ Chinese astrology, zodiac signs—10 Heavenly Stems (天干) and 12 Earthly Branches (地支)

A compound ideogram between 'hand (又)' and a split stem of 'bamboo (竹→十)', meaning 'split' a bamboo stem by hand.

349: 收

gather, collect, harvest

C J K

收収收

shōu しゅう (shuu) 수 /su/

攵 6

又 4

攵 6

① 收入: shōurù ① 収入: しゅうにゅう ① 收入: 수 입

② 收获: shōuhuò ② 収穫: しゅうかく ② 收穫: 수확

③ 收益: shōuyì ③ 収益: しゅうえき ③ 收益: 수익

① income, earnings, receipts ② harvest, crop, yield, ingathering ③ profit, earnings, returns

A phono-semantic compound combining the phonetic 'entangle (丩)' and the semantic 'strike (攴→攵)', originally meaning to 'tie up' a criminal, but later coming to mean 'take in' or 'gather'.

350: 改

change, convert, remodel

C J K

改改改

gǎi かい (kai) 개 /ɡe/

攵 7

① 改善: gǎi shàn ① 改善: かいぜん ① 改善: 개 선

② 改革: gǎi gé ② 改革: かいかく ② 改革: 개 혁

③ 改正: gǎi zhèng ③ 改正: かいせい ③ 改正: 개 정

① improvement, amelioration ② reform, remake, innovation ③ revise, amend, alter

A phono-semantic compound between the phonetic 'self (己)' and the semantic 'strike (攵)', meaning 'fix' by self-reflection and self-flagellation.

351: 放

put, release, expel, loosen

C J K

放放放

fàng ほう (hou) 방 /bʌŋ/

攵 8

① 放送: fàngsòng ① 放送: ほうそう ① 放送: 방송

② 解放: jiěfàng ② 解放: かいほう ② 解放: 해 방

③ 放射: fàngs[[hè ③ 放射: ほうしゃ ③ 放射: 방 사

① broadcast, air ② set free, liberation, emancipation, release ③ radiation, emission

A phono-semantic compound between the phonetic 'corner (方)' and the semantic 'strike (攵)', originally meaning 'banish' to the provinces outside the capital center, later coming to mean 'let loose' or 'expel'.

352: 政

government, political affairs

C J K

政政政

zhèng せい (sei) 정 /dʒ ə ŋ/

攵 9

① 政府: zhèngfǔ ① 政府: せいふ ① 政府: 정 부

② 政治: zhèng zhì ② 政治: せいじ ② 政治: 정 치

③ 政策: zhèngcè ③ 政策: せいさく ③ 政策: 정 책

① government ② politics ③ policy, official plans

A phono-semantic compound between the phonetic 'upright (正)' and the semantic 'strike (攵)', meaning 'straighten' with the whip and truth. Also means 'govern and rule (攵)' the people 'properly (正)'.

353: 故

ancient, the late, the deceased

C J K

故故故

gù こ (go) 고 /ɡɔ/

攵 9

① 故乡: gù xiāng ① 故郷: こきょう ① 故鄕: 고 향

② 事故: shì gù ② 事故: じこ ② 事故: 사 고

③ 故意: gù yì ③ 故意: こい ③ 故意: 고 의

① birth place, hometown ② accident, incident, trouble ③ on purpose, deliberate, intentional

A phono-semantic compound between the phonetic 'old (古)' and the semantic 'strike (攵)', meaning 'link' the past with the present by tapping the source or the old.

354: 效

effect, outcome, effectiveness

C J K

效効效

xiào こう (kou) 효 /hyɔ/

攵 10

力 8

攵 10

① 效果: xiào guǒ ① 効果: こうか ① 效果: 효 과

② 效率: xiàolǜ ② 効率: こうりつ ② 效率: 효율

③ 生效: shēng xiào ④ 発効: はっこう ④ 發效: 발 효

① effect, effectiveness ② efficiency, performance ③ take effect, come into effect ④ valid, effective

A phono-semantic compound that combines the phonetic 'interact (交)' with the semantic 'strike (攵)', meaning two of the same go together or 'effect'.

355: 敎

teach, instruct

C J K

教教敎

jiào きょう (kyou) 교 /ɡyɔ/

攵 11

① 教育: jiào yù ① 教育: きょういく ① 敎育: 교육

② 教理: jiào lǐ ② 教理: きょうり ② 敎理: 교 리

③ 儒教: rújiào ③ 儒教: じゅきょう ③ 儒敎: 유 교

① education, discipline ② doctrine, dogma, creed ③ Confucianism (also written as 儒家 when referring to it as non-religious secular thought)

A compound ideogram combining 'lead (孝)' and 'strike (攵)', meaning 'instruct(ing)' is in not saving the rod so the child may be molded.

356: 救

save, rescue, help, aid

C J K

救救救

jiù きゅう (kyuu) 구 /ɡu/

攵 11

① 救助: jiù zhù ① 救助: きゅうじょ ① 救助: 구 조

② 救济: jiù jì ② 救済: きゅうさい ② 救濟: 구 제

③ 救护: jiù hù ③ 救急: きゅうきゅう ③ 救急: 구 급

① rescue, save, relieve ② relief, support, salvation ③ first aid, emergency care

A phono-semantic compound between the phonetic 'seek (求)' and the semantic 'strike (攵)', originally derived from 'fur coat (裘)', coming to mean 'rescue' or 'save'.

357: 敗

lose, defeat, decline, fail

C J K

败敗敗

bài はい (hai) 패 /pe/

攵 8

攵 11

① 败北: bài běi ① 敗北: はいぼく ① 敗北: 패 배

② 失败: shī bài ② 失敗: しっぱい ② 失敗: 실 패

③ 腐败: fǔbài ③ 腐敗: ふはい ③ 腐敗: 부 패

① lose, defeat ② failure, flop, fall through ③ corruption, rot, decay

A phono-semantic compound combining the phonetic 'sea shell (貝)' with the semantic 'strike (攵)', originally meaning 'broken sea shell necklace', later coming to mean 'lose' or 'defeat'.

358: 敢

bold, dare, brave

C J K

敢敢敢

gǎn かん (kan) 감 /ɡʌm/

攵 11

攵 12

① 勇敢: yǒng gǎn ① 勇敢: ゆうかん ① 勇敢: 용 감

② 果敢: guǒ gǎn ② 果敢: かかん ② 果敢: 과 감

③ 敢干: gǎn gàn ③ 敢行: かんこう ③ 敢行: 감 행

① brave, gallant ② resolute, determined ③ decisive action

A compound ideogram depicting two 'hands (爫→丅 + 又→攵)' reaching to grab an 'object (古→耳)', originally meaning 'bravely take', later coming to mean 'bold' or 'dare'.

359: 散

scatter, disperse, break up

C J K

散散散

sàn さん (san) 산 /sʌn/

攵 12

① 散步: sànbù ① 散歩: さんぽ ① 散步: 산 보

② 分散: fēnsàn ② 分散: ぶんさん ② 分散: 분 산

③ 解散: jiěsàn ③ 解散: かいさん ③ 解散: 해 산

① walk, stroll, promenade ② decentralization, diversification, dispersion ③ break up, dissolve, go separate ways

A compound ideogram originally derived from 㪔, where 'grove (林)' and 'strike (攴→攵)' were combined to mean 'break up' and 'scatter' the tree trunks and the branches of trees.

360: 敬

respect, honor

C J K

敬敬敬

jìng けい (kei) 경 /ɡyə ŋ/

攵 12

① 尊敬: zūn jìng ① 尊敬: そんけい ① 尊敬: 존 경

② 敬老: jìng lǎo ② 敬老: けいろう ② 敬老: 경 로

③ 敬礼: jìng lǐ ③ 敬礼: けいれい ③ 敬禮: 경례

① respect, honor, solemn ② deference, respect for the elderly ③ salute, bow

A compound ideogram combining 'conscientious (茍)' and 'strike (攵)', originally meaning 'careful in one's behavior and not lazy', later coming to mean 'respect' and 'honor'.

361: 敵

enemy, foe, opponent

C J K

敌敵敵

dí てき (teki) 적 /dʒ əɡ/

攵 10

攵 15

① 公敌: gōngdí ① 公敵: こうてき ① 公敵: 공적

② 敌对: díduì ② 敵対: てきたい ② 敵對: 적대

③ 敌手: díshǒu ③ 敵手: てきしゅ ③ 敵手: 적수

① public enemy, common foe ② opposition, antagonism, hostility, animosity ③ rival, opponent, adversary

A phono-semantic compound between the phonetic 'stem (啇)' and the semantic 'strike (攵)', meaning a 'foe' is defeated and overcome by striking him endlessly.

362: 數

number, amount, sum

C J K

数数數

shǔ すう (suu) 수 /su/

攵 13

攵 15

① 数字: shù zì ① 数字: すうじ ① 數字: 수 자

② 数学: shù xué ② 数学: すうがく ② 數學: 수 학

③ 分数: fēn shù ③ 分数: ぶんすう ③ 分數: 분 수

① number, figure ② mathematics, maths ③ fraction, fractional number

A phono-semantic compound between the phonetic 'attract (婁)' and the semantic 'strike (攵)', meaning 'count'. The character '婁' also contains the connotation of 'empty', meaning exact calculations require focus and no stray thoughts.

363: 文

literature, culture

C J K

文文文

wén ぶん (bun) / もん (mon) 문 /mun/

文 4

① 文字: wén zì ① 文字: もんじ ① 文字: 문 자

② 文学: wén xué ② 文学: ぶんがく ② 文學: 문 학

③ 文化: wén huà ③ 文化: ぶんか ③ 文化: 문 화

① letter, character, script, writing ② literature ③ culture

A pictogram originally depicting a person wearing a tattoo meaning 'pattern' or 'design', then progressively coming to mean 'letter', then 'literature', and finally 'culture'.

364: 料

consider, material, rate, fee

C J K

料料料

liào りょう (ryou) 료 /ryɔ/

斗 10

① 原料: yuán liào ① 原料: げんりょう ① 原料: 원료

② 资料: zīliào ② 資料: しりょう ② 資料: 자료

③ 材料: cáiliào ③ 材料: ざいりょう ③ 材料: 재료

① raw material, commodities ② raw data, facts & figures ③ ingredients, material, stuff

A compound ideogram combining 'rice (米)' with 'sack (斗)', meaning 'estimate' the measure of rice with a container. 1 斗 is equal to 10 升 or 10 liters.

365: 新

new, recent, fresh

C J K

新新新

xīn しん (shin) 신 /sɪn/

斤 13

① 维新: wéi xīn ① 維新: いしん ① 維新: 유 신

② 新闻: xīn wén ② 新聞: しんぶん ② 新聞: 신 문

③ 更新: gēng xīn ③ 更新: こうしん ③ 更新: 갱 신

① refomation, renewal, revolution, modernize ② news, news paper ③ renew, update

A phono-semantic compound originally between 'hatchet (斤)' and 'tree (木)', meaning 'make firewood', later coming to mean 'new'. 薪 was later devised to mean 'make firewood'. As a variant of 辛, 立 was added as a phonetic helper.

366: 方

place, area, region, angle, corner

C J K

方方方

fāng ほう (hou) 방 /bʌŋ/

方 4

① 方向: fāngxiàng ① 方向: ほうこう ① 方向: 방 향

② 方言: fāngyán ② 方言: ほうげん ② 方言: 방언

③ 方法: fāngfǎ ③ 方法: ほうほう ③ 方法: 방법

① direction, orientation, bearing ② dialect ③ method, ways & means, process

A pictogram originally depicting a plow, later coming to mean 'angle', 'corner', 'place', or 'area'.

367: 施

act, do, give, bestow

C J K

施施施

shī し (shi) 시 /sɪ/

方 9

① 施行: shī xíng ① 施行: しこう ① 施行: 시 행

② 设施: s[[hè shī ② 施設: しせつ ② 施設: 시설

③ 施工: shī gōng ③ 施工: しこう ③ 施工: 시 공

① execute, enforce, implement ② facilities, equipment, infrastructure ③ construction, build, carry out

A phono-semantic compound between the semantic 'flag (㫃)' and the phonetic 'bowl (也)', originally depicting flying flags with streamers later coming to mean 'tell', 'transmit', 'bestow'.

368: 旅

travel, journey, lodge

C J K

旅旅旅

lǚ りょ (ryo) 려/여 /ryə//yə/

方 10

① 旅行: lǚxíng ① 旅行: りょこう ① 旅行: 여 행

② 旅客: lǚkè ② 旅客: りょかく ② 旅客: 여 객

③ 旅程: lǚc[[héng]] ③ 旅程: りょてい ③ 旅程: 여 정

① travel, trip ② passenger, traveler ③ itinerary

A compound ideogram combining 'flag (㫃)' and 'people (从→𧘇)', originally meaning a battalion of several hundred soldiers, later coming to mean 'wayfarers' or 'travelers'.

369: 族

family, clan, tribe

C J K

族族族

zú ぞく (zoku) 족 /dʒ ɔɡ/

方 11

① 家族: jiā zú ① 家族: かぞく ① 家族: 가족

② 部族: bù zú ② 部族: ぶぞく ② 部族: 부족

③ 贵族: guì zú ③ 貴族: きぞく ③ 貴族: 귀족

① family ② tribe, clan, house ③ aristocrat, nobility

A compound ideogram combining 'flag (㫃)' and 'arrow (矢)', meaning 'brethren' or 'clan'.

370: 日

sun, day, day time

C J K

日日日

rì にち (nichi) 일 /ɪl/

日 4

① 日本: rìběn ① 日本: にほん ① 日本: 일본

② 日食: rìshí ② 日食: にっしょく ② 日食: 일 식

③ 日程: rìc[[héng]] ④ 日帝: にってい ④ 日帝: 일 제

① Japan ② solar eclipse ③ schedule, agenda ④ Japanese empire, imperial Japan

A pictogram depicting a three-legged golden raven in the middle of a spherical sun, derived from an old legend of the bird whose flapping of its wings is said to have shone bright golden sun rays.

371: 早

early, soon, morning

C J K

早早早

zǎo そう (sou) 조 /dʒ ɔ/

日 6

① 早期: zǎoqī ① 早期: そうき ① 早期: 조 기

② 早婚: zǎohūn ② 早婚: そうこん ② 早婚: 조 혼

③ 早饭: zǎofàn ④ 早熟: そうじゅく ④ 早熟: 조숙

① early stage ② early marriage ③ breakfast ④ early to mature, precocity

Various etymology, including a compound ideogram of the 'sun (日)' rising above the horizon over a blade of 'grass (十)' from the east.

372: 明

bright, light, brilliant, clear

C J K

明明明

míng めい (mei) 명 /my ə ŋ/

日 8

① 明白: míng bai ① 明白: めいはく ① 明白: 명백

② 透明: tòumíng ② 透明: とうめい ② 透明: 투 명

③ 分明: fēn míng ③ 分明: ぶんめい ③ 分明: 분 명

① clear, obvious, apparent ② transparency, clarity ③ clear, explicit, unmistakable, unequivocal

A compound ideogram between 'sun (日)' and 'moon (月)', meaning the two celestial beings 'bright(en)' the world .

373: 易

change, easy

C J K

易易易

yì えき (eki)/い (i) 역/이 /yəɡ//ɪ/

日 8

① 贸易: màoyì ① 貿易: ぼうえき ① 貿易: 무 역

② 容易: róngyì ② 容易: ようい ② 容易: 용 이

③ 易经: yì jīng ③ 易経: えききょう ③ 周易: 주 역

① foreign trade ② easy, simple ③ Book of Changes, I Ching, The Changes of Zhou

A pictogram of a house lizard, meaning 'change', from the fact that geckoes change from one color to another with 'ease'.

374: 昔

antiquity, long ago, distant past

C J K

昔昔昔

xī せき (seki) 석 /səɡ/

日 8

① 昔日: xīrì ① 昔日: せきじつ ① 昔日: 석일

② 昔年: xīnián ② 昔年: せきねん ② 昔年: 석년

① old days, former times ② old times, former years, antiquity

A pictogram, meaning 'long ago', from an old story of a large destructive flood in antiquity that cannot be forgotten.

375: 星

star, planet, week

C J K

星星星

xīng せい (sei) 성 /sə ŋ/

日 9

① 行星: xíng xīng ① 惑星: わくせい ① 行星: 행 성

② 卫星: wèi xīng ② 衛星: えいせい ② 衛星: 위 성

③ 星期: xīng qī ④ 彗星: すいせい ④ 彗星: 혜 성

① planet ② satellite, moon ③ week, weekday ④ comet, falling star

Originally a pictogram of several dotted circles before the phonetic 'life (生)' was added to make a phono-semantic compound with the semantic 'sun (日)', meaning 'star'.

376: 春

spring, vitality, desire

C J K

春春春

chūn しゅん (shun) 춘 /tʃun/

日 9

① 立春: lì chūn ① 立春: りっしゅん ① 立春: 입 춘

② 新春: xīn chūn ② 新春: しんしゅん ② 新春: 신 춘

③ 春节: chūn jié ④ 回春: かいしゅん ⑤ 春秋: 춘추

① onset of spring, start of lunar spring ② New Lunar Year ③ Lunar New Year, Chinese New Year ④ return of spring, rejuvenation, restoration ⑤ Spring and Autumn (Annals)

A compound ideogram combining 'folded hands (𡗗)' with 'sun (日)', meaning 'spring', but originally a pictogram of sprouting buds with a depiction of the sun.

377: 昨

yesterday, before, past, lately

C J K

昨昨昨

zuó さく (saku) 작 /dʒʌɡ/

日 9

① 昨天: zuó tiān ① 昨日: さくじつ -

② 昨夜: zuó yè ② 昨夜: さくや ④ 昨年: 작년

③ 昨晚: zuó wǎn ④ 昨年: さくねん ⑤ 昨今: 작 금

① yesterday ② yesterday night ③ yesterday evening ④ last year, yesteryear ⑤ these days, now, recently

A phono-semantic compound between the semantic 'sun (日)' and the phonetic 'while (乍)', meaning 'yesterday'. 乍 carries the connotation of 'a moment'.

378: 是

yes, to be, this, that

C J K

是是是

shì ぜ (ze) 시 /sɪ/

日 9

① 是非: shì fēi ① 是非: ぜひ ① 是非: 시 비

② 或是: huò shì ③ 是認: ぜにん ② 或是: 혹시

④ 是否: shìfǒu ⑤ 是等: これら ③ 是認: 시 인

① right & wrong, pros & cons, quarrel, dispute, trouble ② maybe, perhaps ③ approval, acknowledgment ④ if, is or isn't, whether or not ⑤ these

A compound ideogram combining 'sun (日)' with 'straight (正)', meaning 'true' and 'upright', because the sun is impartial and most bright.

379: 晝

day time, day light

C J K

昼昼晝

zhòu ちゅう (chuu) 주 /dʒu/

日 9

日 11

① 白昼: báizhòu ① 白昼: はくちゅう ① 白晝: 백주

② 昼夜: zhòu yè ② 昼夜: ちゅうや ② 晝夜: 주야

③ 昼行: zhòu xíng ③ 昼間: ちゅうかん ③ 晝間: 주 간

① day time, broad day light, midday ② day & night ③ during the day, from sunrise to sunset, diurnal

A compound ideogram, meaning 'day', derived from 'picture (畫)' minus one stroke (田→日), to differentiate between night and day. 昼 is the variant of 晝.

380: 時

time, season, era, age, period

C J K

时時時

shí じ (ji) 시 /sɪ/

日 7

日 10

① 时间: shí jiān ① 時間: じかん ① 時間: 시 간

② 时差: shíchā ② 時差: じさ ② 時差: 시 차

③ 时代: shí dài ③ 時代: じだい ③ 時代: 시 대

① time, hours ② time difference, parallax ③ age, era, epoch

A phono-semantic compound between the semantic 'sun (日)' and the phonetic 'government office (寺)', originally meaning the four seasons, later coming to mean 'temporal period' or 'time'.

381: 晩

late, night, evening

C J K

晩晩晩

wǎn ばん (ban) 만 /mʌn/

日 11

① 晚秋: wǎnqiū ① 晩秋: ばんしゅう ① 晩秋: 만추

② 晚餐: wǎncān ② 晩餐: ばんさん ② 晩餐: 만찬

③ 晚年: wǎnnián ③ 晩年: ばんねん ③ 晩年: 만년

① late fall, late lunar September ② dinner, supper ③ last years, twilight years

A phono-semantic compound between the semantic 'sun (日)' and the phonetic 'indemnify (免)', meaning 'after sunset' or 'late'.

382: 晴

clear weather, fine weather

C J K

晴晴晴

qíng せい (sei) 청 /tʃ ə ŋ/

日 12

① 晴天: qíngtiān ① 晴天: せいてん ① 晴天: 청천

② 晴朗: qínglǎng ② 快晴: かいせい ② 快晴: 쾌청

① clear day, sunny day ② fair-weather, fine day

Originally a phono-semantic compound between 'life (生)' and 'evening (夕→月)', meaning the following day will be 'clear' when the stars come out after the evening rain. 'Evening (夕→月)' was substituted for 'sun (日)' only later.

383: 暑

hot, simmering

C J K

暑暑暑

shǔ しょ (sho) 서 /sə/

日 12

① 大暑: dàshǔ ① 大暑: たいしょ ① 大暑: 대 서

② 避暑: bìshǔ ② 避暑: ひしょ ② 避暑: 피 서

③ 处暑: chǔshǔ ③ 処暑: しょしょ ③ 處暑: 처 서

① scorching heat, toasty ② summering, summer getaway ③ heat cycle-end, post-Aug. 23

A phono-semantic compound modified and combined with the semantic 'sun (日)' and phonetic 'boil (煮)', meaning the weather is 'hot'.

384 景

scenery, view, a scene

C J K

景景景

jǐng けい (kei) 경 /ɡyə ŋ/

日 12

① 景致: jǐng zhì ① 景色: けしき ① 景致: 경 치

② 背景: bèi jǐng ② 背景: はいけい ② 背景: 배 경

③ 景气: jǐng qì ③ 景気: けいき ③ 景氣: 경 기

① scenery, landscape ② backdrop, background, setting ③ the times, conditions, business climate

A phono-semantic compound between the semantic 'sun (日)' and the phonetic helper 'capital city (京)', originally meaning sunshine casts 'shadows' on material objects, later coming to mean 'scenery'.

385: 暖

warm, temperate, genial

C J K

暖暖暖

nuǎn だん (dan) 난 /nʌn/

日 13

① 暖炉: nuǎnlú ① 暖炉: だんろ ① 暖爐: 난로

② 暖气: nuǎnqì ② 暖房: だんぼう ② 暖房: 난방

③ 温暖: wēnnuǎn ③ 温暖: おんだん ③ 溫暖: 온난

① fire place, hearth, stove ② heating, warm air ③ warm, temperate

A phono-semantic compound combining the semantic 'sun (日)' with the phonetic 'pull (爰)', meaning 'warm', because the sun gives off heat to all things and warmth attracts all people.

386: 暗

dim, dark, in secret

C J K

暗暗暗

àn あん (an) 암 /ʌm/

日 13

① 黑暗: hēiàn ① 暗黒: あんこく ① 暗黑: 암흑

② 暗号: ànhào ② 暗号: あんごう ② 暗號: 암호

③ 暗杀: ànshā ③ 暗殺: あんさつ ④ 暗記: 암기

① darkness, blackness ② cipher, code, password ③ assassination, hit ④ memorization, rote

A phono-semantic compound between the semantic 'sun (日)' and the phonetic 'sound (音)', meaning it is through sound that people can tell each other apart in the 'dark'.

387: 暮

dusk, setting, ending

C J K

暮暮暮

mù ぼ (bo) 모 /mɔ/

日 14

① 岁暮: suì mù ① 歳暮: せいぼ ① 歲暮: 세모

② 暮景: mù jǐng - ② 暮景: 모경

③ 暮气: mù qì - -

① yearend ② sunset scene, eventide ③ lethargy

A phono-semantic compound between the semantic 'sun (日)' and phonetic 'end (莫)', meaning 'grow dark'. Originally depicting the sun setting in the grasslands, 暮 was devised when 莫 came to mean 'not'.

388: 暴

violent, brutal, tyrannical

C J K

暴暴暴

bào ぼう (bou) 포/폭 /pɔ//pɔɡ/

日 15

① 暴力: bào lì ① 暴力: ぼうりょく ① 暴力: 폭 력

② 暴风: bào fēng ② 暴風: ぼうふう ② 暴風: 폭 풍

③ 暴虐: bàonüè ③ 暴虐: ぼうぎゃく ③ 暴虐: 포 학

① violence, brute force ② windstorm, gale ③ tyranny, despotic, cruel, atrocity, abusive, outrage

A compound ideogram originally combining 'sun (日)', 'go out (出)', 'two hands (廾)', and 'rice (米)', meaning 'sunbathe the rice under the sun', later transforming into '日, 共, ⺢' and coming to mean 'violent'.

389: 曲

curved, bent, melody, tonality

C J K

曲曲曲

qū きょく (kyoku) 곡 /ɡɔɡ/

曰 6

① 曲线: qū xiàn ① 曲線: きょくせん ① 曲線: 곡 선

② 歪曲: wāiqū ② 歪曲: わいきょく ② 歪曲: 왜곡

③ 作曲: zuò qǔ ③ 作曲: さっきょく ③ 作曲: 작 곡

① curve, curved line ② slant, distortion, misrepresentation, perversion ③ compose music, musical score

Originally a pictogram of a caved-in sericultural basket for silkworms, later coming to mean 'curved'. Also used in music to mean high and low 'pitch'.

390: 更

change, alter, repeat, more

C J K

更更更

gèng こう (kou) 경/갱 /ɡyə ŋ//ɡeŋ/

曰 7

① 变更: biàn gēng ① 変更: へんこう ① 變更: 변 경

② 更新: gēng xīn ② 更新: こうしん ② 更新: 갱 신

① change, alter, modify ② renew, update

Originally a phono-semantic compound between the semantic 'fire (丙)' and the phonetic 'strike (攴)', meaning 'change' or 'fix' something to be as bright and clear as a flame.

391: 書

book, letter, document, writings

C J K

书書書

shū しょ (sho) 서 /sə/

乛 4

曰 10

① 书法: shūfǎ ① 書道: しょどう ① 書藝: 서 예

② 书籍: shū jí ② 書籍: しょせき ② 書籍: 서적

③ 念书: niànshū ④ 書店: しょてん ⑤ 洛書: 낙서

① calligraphy ② book, publication ③ read, study ④ bookshop, bookstore ⑤ Magic Square, Lo River Scroll

A compound ideogram between 'brush (聿)' and 'horizontal or say (曰)', meaning 'book' or 'write' by putting to paper with brush what is spoken (曰).

392: 最

most, extremely, exceedingly

C J K

最最最

zuì さい (sai) 최 /tʃɒe/

曰 12

① 最高: zuì gāo ① 最高: さいこう ① 最高: 최 고

② 最初: zuìchū ② 最初: さいしょ ② 最初: 최초

③ 最近: zuì jìn ③ 最近: さいきん ③ 最近: 최 근

① best, highest, most ② outset, start, first ③ most recent, nowadays

A compound ideogram combining 'horizontal (曰)' and 'take (取)', but originally a compound between 'brave or dare (冒→冃)' with 'obtain (取)', meaning the 'most' elevated state of being can only be reached by taking a chance and braving hardship.

393: 會

assemble, meet, associate

C J K

会会會

huì かい (kai) 회 /hɒe/

人 6

曰 13

① 会议: huì yì ① 会議: かいぎ ① 會議: 회 의

② 机会: jī huì ② 機会: きかい ② 機會: 기 회

③ 社会: s[[hè huì ③ 社会: しゃかい ③ 社會: 사 회

① meeting, conference, convention ② opportunity, chance ③ society, community

A compound ideogram originally depicting the closing cover or the lid of a receptacle, meaning 'combine', later coming to mean 'meet'.

394: 月

moon, month

C J K

月月月

yuè がつ (gatsu)/げつ (getsu) 월 /uəl/

月 4

① 岁月: suì yuè ① 歳月: さいげつ ① 歲月: 세 월

② 每月: měiyuè ② 毎月: まいげつ ② 每月: 매 월

③ 月食: yuè shí ③ 月食: げっしょく ④ 月經: 월 경

① time, years ② every month, month-to-month ③ lunar eclipse ④ mentruation, menses, mentrual period

A pictogram meaning 'moon', originally depicting a crescent moon and a stroke or two within it to represent a jade-colored rabbit said in legend to be on the moon.

395: 有

have, possess, own, exist

C J K

有有有

yǒu ゆう (yuu) 유 /yu/

月 6

① 占有率: zhàn yǒulǜ ① 占有率: せんゆうりつ ① 占有率: 점 유율

② 有识: yǒushí ② 有識: ゆうしき ② 有識: 유 식

③ 有名: yǒumíng ③ 有名: ゆうめい ④ 有用: 유 용

① share (of market), occupancy (rate) ② learned, well-informed, insightful, knowledgable ③ famous, well-known ④ useful, helpful, practical

A compound ideogram between 'right hand (𠂇)' and 'meat or flesh (肉→⺼→月)', meaning 'have'.

396: 服

clothes, dress, wear

C J K

服服服

fú ふく (fuku) 복 /bɔɡ/

月 8

① 衣服: yī fu ① 衣服: いふく ① 衣服: 의 복

② 便服: biàn fú ② 私服: しふく ② 私服: 사 복

③ 征服: zhēng fú ③ 征服: せいふく ③ 征服: 정 복

① clothes, garment ② civilian clothes, plain clothes ③ conquer, master

A phono-semantic compound originally between 'boat (舟→月)' and 'rule (𠬝)', meaning 'commandeer a ship', later coming to mean 'wear'.

397: 望

look, view, watch, hope, expect

C J K

望望望

wàng ぼう (bou) 망 /mʌŋ/

月 11

① 希望: xī wàng ① 希望: きぼう ① 希望: 희 망

② 失望: shī wàng ② 失望: しつぼう ② 失望: 실 망

③ 展望: zhǎn wàng ③ 展望: てんぼう ③ 展望: 전 망

① hope, faith ② letdown, disappointment ③ outlook, prospect, forecast

A phono-semantic compound between 'stem (壬: 'person (人)' standing over 'ground(土)')' looking at the semantic 'moon (月)', meaning 'view' or 'watch'. 亡 is the phonetic helper.

398: 朝

morning, day

C J K

朝朝朝

cháo ちょう (chou) 조 /dʒ ɔ/

月 12

① 朝鲜: cháo xiǎn ① 朝鮮: ちょうせん ① 朝鮮: 조 선

- ② 朝会: ちょうかい ② 朝會: 조 회

④ 朝气: zhāoqì ③ 朝食: ちょうしょく ③ 朝食: 조 식

① Korea, DPRK ② morning assembly ③ breakfast ④ youthful spirit, vigor

A compound ideogram between 'sunrise (倝)' and 'moon (月)', meaning it is 'morning' when the sun is rising in the east even as another planet is visible in the sky. The 月 is also seen as a variant of 舟 as a phonetic helper.

399: 期

time period, time limit, time

C J K

期期期

qī き (ki) 기 /ɡɪ/

月 12

① 长期: chángqī ① 長期: ちょうき ① 長期: 장 기

② 短期: duǎnqī ② 短期: たんき ② 短期: 단 기

③ 周期: zhōuqī ③ 周期: しゅうき ③ 週期: 주 기

① long-term, long period ② short-term, short period ③ cycle, period

A phono-semantic compound between the semantic 'moon (月)' and the phonetic 'that (其)', meaning 'in time' the sun and the moon will come together.

400: 木

tree, wood, lumber, wooden

C J K

木木木

mù もく (moku) 목 /mɔɡ/

木 4

① 木工: mù gōng ① 木工: もっこう ① 木手: 목 수

② 木星: mù xīng ② 木星: もくせい ② 木星: 목 성

③ 木瓜: mù guā ③ 木瓜: もけ ③ 木瓜: 모과

① woodwork, carpenter ② the planet Jupiter ③ papaya, nashi

A pictogram originally depicting an image of a tree with trunk, branches, and root, only coming to adopt the current form later.

401: 未

not, not yet

C J K

未未未

wèi み (mi) 미 /mɪ/

木 5

① 未来: wèi lái ① 未来: みらい ① 未來: 미래

② 未缴: wèi jiǎo ② 未納: みのう ② 未納: 미납

③ 未婚: wèi hūn ③ 未婚: みこん ③ 未婚: 미 혼

① future, time that has yet to arrive ② overdue payment, in arrears ③ unmarried, single, célibataire

A pictogram originally depicting a tree with lush branches, coming to take on the meaning of 'the twelve earthly zodiac signs (地支)' before its meaning changed again to the current 'not yet'.

402: 末

final, last, end

C J K

末末末

mò まつ (matsu) 말 /mʌl/

木 5