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https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/error

The header

provides several classes and functions related to exception handling in C++ programs.

Several convenience classes are predefined in the header

to report particular error conditions. These classes can be divided into two categories: logic errors and runtime errors. Logic errors are a consequence of faulty logic within the program and may be preventable. Runtime errors are due to events beyond the scope of the program and can not be easily predicted.

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The header

defines types and functions used to report error conditions originating from the operating system, streams I/O,

, or other low-level APIs.

Assertions help to implement checking of preconditions in programs.