Table of Contents
C++20 for Programmers Table of Contents
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Contents
Preface
Before You Begin
1 Intro and Test-Driving Popular, Free CPP Compilers
1.1 CPP Introduction
1.2 Test-Driving a CPP20 Application
1.2.1 CPP Compiling and CPP Running a CPP20 Application with CPP Visual Studio 2022 Community Edition on Windows
1.2.2 Compiling and Running a CPP20 Application with CPP Xcode on CPP macOS
1.2.3 Compiling and Running a CPP20 Application with GNU CPP on CPP Linux
1.2.4 Compiling and Running a CPP20 Application with CPP gpp (G Plus Plus ]] | g++ in the GCC Docker Container
1.2.5 Compiling and Running a CPP20 Application with CPP clang++ in a CPP Docker Container
1.3 Moore’s Law, CPP Multi-Core Processors and CPP Concurrent Programming
1.4 A Brief Refresher on CPP Object Orientation
1.5 Wrap-Up
2 Intro to CPP20 Programming
2.1 Introduction
2.2 First Program in CPP: Displaying a Line of Text
2.3 Modifying Our First CPP Program
2.4 Another CPP Program: Adding CPP Integers
2.5 CPP Arithmetic
2.6 CPP Decision Making: CPP Equality Operators and CPP Relational Operators
2.7 Objects Natural: Creating and Using CPP Objects of CPP Standard-Library Class CPP string
2.8 Wrap-Up
3 CPP Control Statements: Part 1
3.1 CPP Introduction
3.2.1 CPP Sequence Structure
3.2.2 CPP Selection Statements
3.2.3 CPP Iteration Statements
3.2.4 CPP Summary of Control Statements
3.3 CPP if Single-Selection Statement
3.4 CPP if…else Double-Selection Statement
3.4.1 CPP Nested if…else Statements
3.4.2 CPP Blocks
3.4.3 CPP Conditional Operator (?:)
3.5 CPP while Iteration Statement
3.6 CPP Counter-Controlled Iteration
3.6.1 CPP Implementing Counter-Controlled Iteration
3.6.2 CPP Integer Division and CPP Truncation
3.7 CPP Sentinel-Controlled Iteration
3.7.1 CPP Implementing Sentinel-Controlled Iteration
3.7.2 CPP Converting Between Fundamental Types Explicitly and Implicitly
3.7.3 CPP Formatting Floating-Point Numbers
3.8 CPP Nested Control Statements
3.8.1 CPP Problem Statement
3.8.2 Implementing the Program
3.8.3 Preventing CPP Narrowing Conversions with CPP Braced Initialization
3.9 CPP Compound Assignment Operators
3.10 CPP Increment Operators and CPP Decrement Operators
3.11 CPP Fundamental Types Are Not CPP Portable
3.12 CPP Objects-Natural Case Study: CPP Arbitrary-Sized Integers
3.13 CPP20: CPP Text Formatting with CPP Function format
3.14 Wrap-Up
4 CPP Control Statements: Part 2
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Essentials of CPP Counter-Controlled Iteration
4.3 CPP for Iteration Statement
4.4 Examples Using the CPP for Statement
4.5 Application: CPP Summing Even Integers
4.6 Application: CPP Compound-Interest Calculations
4.7 CPP do…while Iteration Statement
4.8 CPP switch Multiple-Selection Statement
4.9 CPP17 Selection Statements with Initializers
4.10 CPP break and CPP continue Statements
4.11.1 CPP Logical AND (&&) Operator
4.11.2 CPP Logical OR (]] | c_plus_plus_20_for_programmers_table_of_contents | ) Operator 4.11.3 [[CPP Short-Circuit Evaluation
4.11.4 CPP Logical Negation (!) Operator
4.11.5 Example: Producing Logical-Operator Truth Tables
4.12 Confusing the CPP Equality Operator (=
and CPP Assignment Operator (
4.13 CPP Objects-Natural Case Study: Using the CPP miniz-cpp Library to CPP Write and Read ZIP files
4.14 CPP20 Text Formatting with Field Widths and Precisions
4.15 Wrap-Up
5 CPP Functions and an Intro to CPP Function Templates
5.1 Introduction
5.3 CPP Math Library Functions
5.4 CPP Function Definitions and CPP Function Prototypes
5.5 CPP Order of Evaluation of a Function’s Arguments
5.6 Function-Prototype and Argument-Coercion Notes
5.6.1 Function Signatures and Function Prototypes
5.6.2 Argument Coercion
5.6.3 Argument-Promotion Rules and Implicit Conversions
5.7 CPP Standard Library Headers
5.8 Case Study: Random-Number Generation
5.8.1 Rolling a Six-Sided Die
5.8.2 Rolling a Six-Sided Die 60,000,000 Times
5.8.3 Seeding the Random-Number Generator
5.8.4 Seeding the Random-Number Generator with random_device
5.9 Case Study: Game of Chance; Introducing Scoped enums
5.10 Scope Rules
5.11 Inline Functions
5.12 References and Reference Parameters
5.13 Default Arguments
5.14 Unary Scope Resolution Operator
5.15 Function Overloading
5.16 Function Templates
5.17 Recursion
5.18 Example Using Recursion: Fibonacci Series
5.19 Recursion vs. Iteration
5.20 Lnfylun Lhqtomh Wjtz Qarcv: Qjwazkrplm xzz Xndmwwqhlz
5.21 Wrap-Up
6 arrays, vectors, Ranges and Functional-Style Programming
6.1 Introduction
6.2 arrays
6.3 Declaring arrays
6.4 Initializing array Elements in a Loop
6.5 Initializing an array with an Initializer List
6.6 CPP11 Range-Based for and CPP20 Range-Based for with Initializer
6.7 Calculating array Element Values and an Intro to constexpr
6.8 Totaling array Elements
6.9 Using a Primitive Bar Chart to Display array Data Graphically
6.10 Using array Elements as Counters
6.11 Using arrays to Summarize Survey Results
6.12 Sorting and Searching arrays
6.13 Multidimensional arrays
6.14 Intro to Functional-Style Programming
6.14.1 What vs. How
6.14.2 Passing Functions as Arguments to Other Functions: Introducing Lambda Expressions
6.14.3 Filter, Map and Reduce: Intro to CPP20’s Ranges Library
6.15 Objects-Natural Case Study: CPP Standard Library Class Template vector
6.16 Wrap-Up
7 (Downplaying) Pointers in Modern CPP
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Pointer Variable Declarations and Initialization
7.2.1 Declaring Pointers
7.2.2 Initializing Pointers
7.2.3 Null Pointers Before CPP11
7.3 Pointer Operators
7.3.1 Address (&) Operator
7.3.2 Indirection (*) Operator
7.3.3 Using the Address (&) and Indirection (*) Operators
7.4 Pass-by-Reference with Pointers
7.5 Built-In Arrays
7.5.1 Declaring and Accessing a Built-In Array
7.5.2 Initializing Built-In Arrays
7.5.3 Passing Built-In Arrays to Functions
7.5.4 Declaring Built-In Array Parameters
7.5.5 CPP11 Standard Library Functions begin and end
7.5.6 Built-In Array Limitations
7.6 Using CPP20 to_array to Convert a Built-In Array to a std::array
7.7 Using const with Pointers and the Data Pointed To
7.7.1 Using a Nonconstant Pointer to Nonconstant Data
7.7.2 Using a Nonconstant Pointer to Constant Data
7.7.3 Using a Constant Pointer to Nonconstant Data
7.7.4 Using a Constant Pointer to Constant Data
7.8 sizeof Operator
7.9 Pointer Expressions and Pointer Arithmetic
7.9.1 Adding Integers to and Subtracting Integers from Pointers
7.9.2 Subtracting One Pointer from Another
7.9.3 Pointer Assignment
7.9.4 Cannot Dereference a void*
7.9.5 Comparing Pointers
7.10 Objects-Natural Case Study: CPP20 spans—Views of Contiguous Container Elements
7.11 A Brief Intro to Pointer-Based Strings
7.11.1 Command-Line Arguments
7.11.2 Revisiting CPP20’s to_array Function
7.12 Looking Ahead to Other Pointer Topics
7.13 Wrap-Up
8 strings, string_views, Text Files, CSV Files and Regex
8.1 Introduction
8.2 CPP string Assignment and CPP string Concatenation
8.3 Comparing strings
8.4 Substrings
8.5 Swapping strings
8.6 string Characteristics
8.7 Finding Substrings and Characters in a string
8.8 Replacing and Erasing Characters in a string
8.9 Inserting Characters into a string
8.10 CPP11 Numeric Conversions
8.11 CPP17 string_view
8.12 Files and Streams
8.13 Creating a Sequential File
8.14 Reading Data from a Sequential File
8.15 CPP14 Reading and Writing Quoted Text
8.16 Updating Sequential Files
8.17 String Stream Processing
8.18 Raw String Literals
8.19 Objects-Natural Case Study: Reading and Analyzing a CSV File Containing Titanic Disaster Data
8.19.1 Using rapidcsv to Read the Contents of a CSV File
8.19.2 Reading and Analyzing the Titanic Disaster Dataset
8.20 Objects-Natural Case Study: Intro to Regular Expressions
8.20.1 Matching Complete Strings to Patterns
8.20.2 Replacing Substrings
8.20.3 Searching for Matches
8.21 Wrap-Up
9 Custom Classes
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Test-Driving an Account Object
9.3 Account Class with a Data Member and Set and Get Member Functions
9.3.1 Class Definition
9.3.2 Access Specifiers private and public
9.4 Account Class: Custom Constructors
9.5 Software Engineering with Set and Get Member Functions
9.6 Account Class with a Balance
9.7 Time Class Case Study: Separating Interface from Implementation
9.7.1 Interface of a Class
9.7.2 Separating the Interface from the Implementation
9.7.3 Class Definition
9.7.4 Member Functions
9.7.5 Including the Class Header in the Source-Code File
9.7.6 Scope Resolution Operator (::)
9.7.7 Member Function setTime and Throwing Exceptions
9.7.8 Member Functions to24HourString and to12HourString
9.7.9 Implicitly Inlining Member Functions
9.7.10 Member Functions vs. Global Functions
9.7.11 Using Class Time
9.7.12 Object Size
9.8 Compilation and Linking Process
9.9 Class Scope and Accessing Class Members
9.10 Access Functions and Utility Functions
9.11 Time Class Case Study: Constructors with Default Arguments
9.11.1 Class Time
9.11.2 Overloaded Constructors and CPP11 Delegating Constructors
9.12 Destructors
9.13 When Constructors and Destructors Are Called
9.14 Time Class Case Study: A Subtle Trap —Returning a Reference or a Pointer to a private Data Member
9.15 Default Assignment Operator
9.16 const Objects and const Member Functions
9.17 Composition: Objects as Members of Classes
9.18 friend Functions and friend Classes
9.19 The this Pointer
9.19.1 Implicitly and Explicitly Using the this Pointer to Access an Object’s Data Members
9.19.2 Using the this Pointer to Enable Cascaded Function Calls
9.20 static Class Members: Classwide Data and Member Functions
9.21 Aggregates in CPP20
9.21.1 Initializing an Aggregate
9.21.2 CPP20: Designated Initializers
9.22 Objects-Natural Case Study: Serialization with JSON
9.22.1 Serializing a vector of Objects Containing public Data
9.22.2 Serializing a vector of Objects Containing private Data
9.23 Wrap-Up
10 OOP: Inheritance and Runtime Polymorphism
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Base Classes and Derived Classes
10.2.1 CommunityMember Class Hierarchy
10.2.2 Shape Class Hierarchy and public Inheritance
10.3 Relationship Between Base and Derived Classes
10.3.1 Creating and Using a SalariedEmployee Class
10.3.2 Creating a SalariedEmployee–SalariedCommissionEmployee Inheritance Hierarchy
10.4 Constructors and Destructors in Derived Classes
10.5 Intro to Runtime Polymorphism: Polymorphic Video Game
10.6 Relationships Among Objects in an Inheritance Hierarchy
10.6.1 Invoking Base-Class Functions from Derived-Class Objects
10.6.2 Aiming Derived-Class Pointers at Base-Class Objects
10.6.3 Derived-Class Member-Function Calls via Base-Class Pointers
10.7 Virtual Functions and Virtual Destructors
10.7.1 Why virtual Functions Are Useful
10.7.2 Declaring virtual Functions
10.7.3 Invoking a virtual Function
10.7.4 virtual Functions in the SalariedEmployee Hierarchy
10.7.5 virtual Destructors
10.7.6 final Member Functions and Classes
10.8 Abstract Classes and Pure virtual Functions
10.8.1 Pure virtual Functions
10.8.2 Device Drivers: Polymorphism in Operating Systems
10.9 Case Study: Payroll System Using Runtime Polymorphism
10.9.1 Creating Abstract Base Class Employee
10.9.2 Creating Concrete Derived Class SalariedEmployee
10.9.3 Creating Concrete Derived Class CommissionEmployee
10.9.4 Demonstrating Runtime Polymorphic Processing
10.10 Runtime Polymorphism, Virtual Functions and Dynamic Binding “Under the Hood“
10.11 Non-Virtual Interface (NVI) Idiom
10.12 Program to an Interface, Not an Implementation
10.12.1 Rethinking the Employee Hierarchy—CompensationModel Interface
10.12.2 Class Employee
10.12.3 CompensationModel Implementations
10.12.4 Testing the New Hierarchy
10.12.5 Dependency Injection Design Benefits
10.13 Runtime Polymorphism with std::variant and std::visit
10.14 Multiple Inheritance
10.14.1 Diamond Inheritance
10.14.2 Eliminating Duplicate Subobjects with virtual Base-Class Inheritance
10.15 protected Class Members: A Deeper Look
10.16 public, protected and private Inheritance
10.17 More Runtime Polymorphism Techniques; Compile-Time Polymorphism
10.17.1 Other Runtime Polymorphism Techniques
10.17.2 Compile-Time (Static) Polymorphism Techniques
10.17.3 Other Polymorphism Concepts
10.18 Wrap-Up
11 Operator Overloading, Copy/Move Semantics and Smart Pointers
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Using the Overloaded Operators of Standard Library Class string
11.3 Operator Overloading Fundamentals
11.3.1 Operator Overloading Is Not Automatic
11.3.2 Operators That Cannot Be Overloaded
11.3.3 Operators That You Do Not Have to Overload
11.3.4 Rules and Restrictions on Operator Overloading
11.4 (Downplaying) Dynamic Memory Management with new and delete
11.5 Modern CPP Dynamic Memory Management: RAII and Smart Pointers
11.5.1 Smart Pointers
11.5.2 Demonstrating unique_ptr
11.5.3 unique_ptr Ownership
11.5.4 unique_ptr to a Built-In Array
11.6 MyArray Case Study: Crafting a Valuable Class with Operator Overloading
11.6.1 Special Member Functions
11.6.2 Using Class MyArray
11.6.3 MyArray Class Definition
11.6.4 Constructor That Specifies a MyArray’s Size
11.6.5 CPP11 Passing a Braced Initializer to a Constructor
11.6.6 Copy Constructor and Copy Assignment Operator
11.6.7 Move Constructor and Move Assignment Operator
11.6.8 Destructor
11.6.9 toString and size Functions
11.6.10 Overloading the Equality (= and Inequality (! Operators
11.6.11 Overloading the Subscript ([]) Operator
11.6.12 Overloading the Unary bool Conversion Operator
11.6.13 Overloading the Preincrement Operator
11.6.14 Overloading the Postincrement Operator
11.6.15 Overloading the Addition Assignment Operator (+
11.6.16 Overloading the Binary Stream Extraction (») and Stream Insertion («) Operators
11.6.17 friend Function swap
11.7 CPP20 Three-Way Comparison Operator (⇔)
11.8 Converting Between Types
11.9 explicit Constructors and Conversion Operators
11.10 Overloading the Function Call Operator ()
11.11 Wrap-Up
12 Exceptions and a Look Forward to Contracts
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Exception-Handling Flow of Control
12.2.1 Defining an Exception Class to Represent the Type of Problem That Might Occur
12.2.2 Demonstrating Exception Handling
12.2.3 Enclosing Code in a try Block
12.2.4 Defining a catch Handler for DivideByZeroExceptions
12.2.5 Termination Model of Exception Handling
12.2.6 Flow of Control When the User Enters a Nonzero Denominator
12.2.7 Flow of Control When the User Enters a Zero Denominator
12.3 Exception Safety Guarantees and noexcept
12.4 Rethrowing an Exception
12.5 Stack Unwinding and Uncaught Exceptions
12.6 When to Use Exception Handling
12.6.1 assert Macro
12.6.2 Failing Fast
12.7 Constructors, Destructors and Exception Handling
12.7.1 Throwing Exceptions from Constructors
12.7.2 Catching Exceptions in Constructors via Function try Blocks
12.7.3 Exceptions and Destructors: Revisiting noexcept(false)
12.8 Processing new Failures
12.8.1 new Throwing bad_alloc on Failure
12.8.2 new Returning nullptr on Failure
12.8.3 Handling new Failures Using Function set_new_handler
12.9 Standard Library Exception Hierarchy
12.10 CPP’s Alternative to the finally Block: Resource Acquisition Is Initialization (RAII)
12.11 Some Libraries Support Both Exceptions and Error Codes
12.12 Logging
12.13 Looking Ahead to Contracts
12.14 Wrap-Up
13 Standard Library Containers and Iterators
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Introduction to Containers
13.2.1 Common Nested Types in Sequence and Associative Containers
13.2.2 Common Container Member and Non-Member Functions
13.2.3 Requirements for Container Elements
13.3 Working with Iterators
13.3.1 Using istream_iterator for Input and ostream_iterator for Output
13.3.2 Iterator Categories
13.3.3 Container Support for Iterators
13.3.4 Predefined Iterator Type Names
13.3.5 Iterator Operators
13.4 A Brief Introduction to Algorithms
13.5 Sequence Containers
13.6 vector Sequence Container
13.6.1 Using vectors and Iterators
13.6.2 vector Element-Manipulation Functions
13.7 list Sequence Container
13.8 deque Sequence Container
13.9 Associative Containers
13.9.1 multiset Associative Container
13.9.2 set Associative Container
13.9.3 multimap Associative Container
13.9.4 map Associative Container
13.10 Container Adaptors
13.10.1 stack Adaptor
13.10.2 queue Adaptor
13.10.3 priority_queue Adaptor
13.11 bitset Near Container
13.12 Optional: A Brief Intro to Big O
13.13 Optional: A Brief Intro to Hash Tables
13.14 Wrap-Up
14 Standard Library Algorithms and CPP20 Ranges & Views
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Algorithm Requirements: CPP20 Concepts
14.3 Lambdas and Algorithms
14.4 Algorithms
14.4.1 fill, fill_n, generate and generate_n
14.4.2 equal, mismatch and lexicographical_compare
14.4.3 remove, remove_if, remove_copy and remove_copy_if
14.4.4 replace, replace_if, replace_copy and replace_copy_if
14.4.5 Shuffling, Counting, and Minimum and Maximum Element Algorithms
14.4.6 Searching and Sorting Algorithms
14.4.7 swap, iter_swap and swap_ranges
14.4.8 copy_backward, merge, unique, reverse, copy_if and copy_n
14.4.9 inplace_merge, unique_copy and reverse_copy
14.4.10 Set Operations
14.4.11 lower_bound, upper_bound and equal_range
14.4.12 min, max and minmax
14.4.13 Algorithms gcd, lcm, iota, reduce and partial_sum from Header <numeric>
14.4.14 Heapsort and Priority Queues
14.5 Function Objects (Functors)
14.6 Projections
14.7 CPP20 Views and Functional-Style Programming
14.7.1 Range Adaptors
14.7.2 Working with Range Adaptors and Views
14.8 Intro to Parallel Algorithms
14.9 Standard Library Algorithm Summary
14.10 A Look Ahead to CPP23 Ranges
14.11 Wrap-Up
15 Templates, CPP20 Concepts and Metaprogramming
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Custom Class Templates and Compile-Time Polymorphism
15.3 CPP20 Function Template Enhancements
15.3.1 CPP20 Abbreviated Function Templates
15.3.2 CPP20 Templated Lambdas
15.4 CPP20 Concepts: A First Look
15.4.1 Unconstrained Function Template multiply
15.4.2 Constrained Function Template with a CPP20 Concepts requires Clause
15.4.3 CPP20 Predefined Concepts
15.5 Type Traits
15.6 CPP20 Concepts: A Deeper Look
15.6.1 Creating a Custom Concept
15.6.2 Using a Concept
15.6.3 Using Concepts in Abbreviated Function Templates
15.6.4 Concept-Based Overloading
15.6.5 requires Expressions
15.6.6 CPP20 Exposition-Only Concepts
15.6.7 Techniques Before CPP20 Concepts: SFINAE and Tag Dispatch
15.7 Testing CPP20 Concepts with static_assert
15.8 Creating a Custom Algorithm
15.9 Creating a Custom Container and Iterators
15.9.1 Class Template ConstIterator
15.9.2 Class Template Iterator
15.9.3 Class Template MyArray
15.9.4 MyArray Deduction Guide for Braced Initialization
15.9.5 Using MyArray and Its Custom Iterators with std::ranges Algorithms
15.10 Default Arguments for Template Type Parameters
15.11 Variable Templates
15.12 Variadic Templates and Fold Expressions
15.12.1 tuple Variadic Class Template
15.12.2 Variadic Function Templates and an Intro to CPP17 Fold Expressions
15.12.3 Types of Fold Expressions
15.12.4 How Unary-Fold Expressions Apply Their Operators
15.12.5 How Binary-Fold Expressions Apply Their Operators
15.12.6 Using the Comma Operator to Repeatedly Perform an Operation
15.12.7 Constraining Parameter Pack Elements to the Same Type
15.13 Template Metaprogramming
15.13.1 CPP Templates Are Turing Complete
15.13.2 Computing Values at Compile-Time
15.13.3 Conditional Compilation with Template Metaprogramming and constexpr if
15.13.4 Type Metafunctions
15.14 Wrap-Up
16 CPP20 Modules: Large-Scale Development
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Compilation and Linking Before CPP20
16.3 Advantages and Goals of Modules
16.4 Example: Transitioning to Modules—Header Units
16.5 Modules Can Reduce Translation Unit Sizes and Compilation Times
16.6 Example: Creating and Using a Module
16.6.1 module Declaration for a Module Interface Unit
16.6.2 Exporting a Declaration
16.6.3 Exporting a Group of Declarations
16.6.4 Exporting a namespace
16.6.5 Exporting a namespace Member
16.6.6 Importing a Module to Use Its Exported Declarations
16.6.7 Example: Attempting to Access Non-Exported Module Contents
16.7 Global Module Fragment
16.8 Separating Interface from Implementation
16.8.1 Example: Module Implementation Units
16.8.2 Example: Modularizing a Class
16.8.3 :private Module Fragment
16.9 Partitions
16.9.1 Example: Module Interface Partition Units
16.9.2 Module Implementation Partition Units
16.9.3 Example: “Submodules” vs. Partitions
16.10 Additional Modules Examples
16.10.1 Example: Importing the CPP Standard Library as Modules
16.10.2 Example: Cyclic Dependencies Are Not Allowed
16.10.3 Example: imports Are Not Transitive
16.10.4 Example: Visibility vs. Reachability
16.11 Migrating Code to Modules
16.12 Future of Modules and Modules Tooling
16.13 Wrap-Up
17 Parallel Algorithms and Concurrency: A High-Level View
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Standard Library Parallel Algorithms (CPP17)
17.2.1 Example: Profiling Sequential and Parallel Sorting Algorithms
17.2.2 When to Use Parallel Algorithms
17.2.3 Execution Policies
17.2.4 Example: Profiling Parallel and Vectorized Operations
17.2.5 Additional Parallel Algorithm Notes
17.3 Multithreaded Programming
17.3.1 Thread States and the Thread Life Cycle
17.3.2 Deadlock and Indefinite Postponement
17.4 Launching Tasks with std::jthread
17.4.1 Defining a Task to Perform in a Thread
17.4.2 Executing a Task in a jthread
17.4.3 How jthread Fixes thread
17.5 Producer–Consumer Relationship: A First Attempt
17.6 Producer–Consumer: Synchronizing Access to Shared Mutable Data
17.6.1 Class SynchronizedBuffer: Mutexes, Locks and Condition Variables
17.6.2 Testing SynchronizedBuffer
17.7 Producer–Consumer: Minimizing Waits with a Circular Buffer
17.8 Readers and Writers
17.9 Cooperatively Canceling jthreads
17.10 Launching Tasks with std::async
17.11 Thread-Safe, One-Time Initialization
17.12 A Brief Introduction to Atomics
17.13 Coordinating Threads with CPP20 Latches and Barriers
17.13.1 CPP20 std::latch
17.13.2 CPP20 std::barrier
17.14 CPP20 Semaphores
17.15 CPP23: A Look to the Future of CPP Concurrency
17.15.1 Parallel Ranges Algorithms
17.15.2 Concurrent Containers
17.15.3 Other Concurrency-Related Proposals
17.16 Wrap-Up
18 CPP20 Coroutines
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Coroutine Support Libraries
18.3 Installing the concurrencpp and generator Libraries
18.4 Creating a Generator Coroutine with co_yield and the generator Library
18.5 Launching Tasks with concurrencpp
18.6 Creating a Coroutine with co_await and co_return
18.7 Low-Level Coroutines Concepts
18.8 CPP23 Coroutines Enhancements
18.9 Wrap-Up
A Operator Precedence and Grouping
B Character Set
Index
Online Chapters and Appendices
19 Stream I/O and CPP20 Text Formatting
20 Other Topics and a Look Toward CPP23
C Number Systems
D Preprocessor
E Bit Manipulation
Fair Use Sources
CPP ABI (Application Binary Interface), CPP ABO (Asymmetric Binary Operation) , CPP Abstract Base Class, CPP Access Specifier, CPP Accumulate Algorithm, CPP Adapter Class, CPP Adaptive Composite Pattern, CPP Address Sanitizer, CPP Aggregate Initialization, CPP Aggregation Relationship, CPP Alignment Requirement, CPP Aligned Allocation, CPP Aligned Deallocation, CPP Aligned Storage, CPP Alignment-Support Types, CPP Allocator Adaptor, CPP Allocator Requirement, CPP Allocator-Aware Container, CPP Allocator-Extended Constructor, CPP Allocator-Extended Move Constructor, CPP Allocator-Extended Swap, CPP Allocation Function, CPP Allowable Exception Specification, CPP ALPHA Conversion (Renaming of Bound Variables), CPP Alternative Token, CPP Analysis-Based Optimization, CPP And Keyword, CPP And_Eq Keyword, CPP Angle Bracket Inclusion, CPP Anonymous Namespace, CPP Anti-Unification, CPP API Bindings for [[CPP Libraries]], CPP Argument Dependent Lookup, CPP Argument Pack, CPP Argument Unpacking, CPP Array Decay, CPP Array New Expression, CPP Array-Bound Safe Function, CPP Array-To-Pointer Conversion, CPP Articulated Lvalues, CPP Artificial Dependency Injection, CPP Artificial Instantiation, CPP Assert Macro, CPP Assigned-To Null Pointer Check, CPP AST (Abstract Syntax Tree), CPP AsIf Rule, CPP ASM Keyword, CPP Associated Type, CPP Assumption Hints, CPP Asynchronous Exception, CPP Atomic Compare-And-Exchange Operation, CPP Atomic Constraint, CPP Atomic Flag, CPP Atomic Operations Library, CPP Atomic Relaxed Operation, CPP Atomic Release-Acquire Operation, CPP Atomic Signal Fence, CPP Atomic Strong Compare Exchange, CPP Atomic Weak Compare Exchange, CPP Attribute Namespace, CPP Attribute Syntax, CPP Audit Keyword, CPP Auto Keyword, CPP Automatic Storage Duration, CPP Awaitable Type, CPP Background Thread in [[CPP]], CPP Back-Inserter Iterator, CPP Back-Inserter Iterator Adapter, CPP Backtrace Support, CPP Balanced Binary Tree In [[CPP]], CPP Bandwidth Optimization in [[CPP]], 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