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“Nearly all programming jobs today require at least a cursory understanding of full-stack development, but if you’re a beginner, you might struggle to find the right entry point to this overwhelming topic. You might not even know what the term means.” (CmplDv 2024)
“Simply put, full-stack web development typically refers to the creation of complete web applications using JavaScript and the many JavaScript frameworks built for it. It requires a mastery of the traditional disciplines of frontend development and backend development, as well as the ability to write middleware and various kinds of application programming interfaces (APIs).” (CmplDv 2024)
“Lastly, a well-rounded full-stack developer can handle databases and has professional skills, such as the ability to craft automated tests and deploy their code by themselves. To do all of this, they must understand HTML, CSS, and JavaScript, as well as the language’s typed counterpart, TypeScript. For a crash course on some of this terminology, see “The Parts of a Full-Stack Application” on page xxiv.” (CmplDv 2024)
“If this sounds like a lot, you’ve come to the right place. This book will introduce you to each software component of a modern application and teach you how to use some of the most widely used web technologies to build them.” (CmplDv 2024)
“There are two primary audiences for the book. The first includes professional frontend engineer or backend engineers who want to advance their careers by mastering full-stack development. The second includes inexperienced, beginning developers interested in learning about web development.” (CmplDv 2024)
“While the book introduces many technologies from scratch, it assumes some prior familiarity with HTML, CSS, and JavaScript, as well as the client/server architecture of most web applications. For a refresher, see The Coding Workbook by Sam Taylor (No Starch Press, 2020), which teaches you how to build a website with HTML and CSS, and The Book of CSS3, 2nd edition, by Peter Gasston (No Starch Press, 2014) to sharpen your CSS skills. To familiarize yourself with JavaScript, I recommend JavaScript Crash Course by Nick Morgan (No Starch Press, 2024), which is a fast-paced JavaScript tutorial for beginners, and Eloquent JavaScript, 3rd edition, by Marijn Haverbeke (No Starch Press, 2018), for a deep dive into JavaScript.” (CmplDv 2024)
“The book is split into two parts. Part I, comprising Chapters 1 through 10, introduces you to the components of a modern technology stack. Each chapter focuses on one technology and highlights the topics you need to know as a full-stack developer. The exercises will encourage you to begin writing application code from page 1.” (CmplDv 2024)
Chapter 1: Node.js Introduces you to Node.js and its ecosystem, which let you run JavaScript code outside a browser. Then you’ll use Node.js and the Express.js framework to create your own simple web server with JavaScript.
Chapter 2: Modern JavaScript Focuses on contemporary JavaScript syntax useful for full-stack developers, including how to use modules to write maintainable code packages. We look at the different ways to define variables and constants, the arrow function, and techniques for asynchronous code. You’ll use these to rewrite your JavaScript server.
Chapter 3: TypeScript Introduces TypeScript, a superset of JavaScript, and highlights how modern full-stack development benefits from it. We discuss the shortcomings and pitfalls of JavaScript and how to effectively leverage TypeScript’s type system through inference. You’ll conclude the chapter by refactoring your JavaScript server with type annotations, custom types, and interfaces.
Chapter 4: React Discusses React, one of the most common libraries for creating user interface components. You’ll see how its components simplify full-stack development and learn how to use its JSX elements, the virtual DOM, and hooks. You’ll then use React to add a reactive user interface to your Express.js server.
Chapter 5: Next.js Focuses on Next.js, the leading web application framework built on top of React. You’ll create pages and custom API routes with Next.js’s file-based routing before learning different ways to render a page within the framework. Finally, you’ll migrate the Express.js server to Next.js as an exercise.
Chapter 6: REST and GraphQL APIs Teaches you all about APIs, what they are, and how to use them for full-stack web development. We explore two kinds of APIs: REST and GraphQL. You’ll conclude the chapter by adding an Apollo GraphQL server to your Next.js full-stack application.
Chapter 7: MongoDB and Mongoose Discusses the differences between traditional relational databases and non-relational databases such as MongoDB. You’ll add the Mongoose object data modeling tool to your technology stack to simplify working with a database. You’ll then connect the GraphQL API to your own MongoDB database.
Chapter 8: Testing with the Jest Framework Explains the importance of automated tests and test-driven development to full-stack development. We explore different types of tests, common test patterns, and the concepts of test doubles, stubs, fakes, and mocks. Lastly, you’ll add a few basic snapshot tests to your Next.js application with the Jest framework.
Chapter 9: Authorization with OAuth Discusses authentication and authorization and how full-stack developers can use the OAuth protocol to handle those tasks by integrating with a third-party service. We walk through this authorization flow and its components. You’ll run through a complete OAuth interaction on the command line to explore each step in depth.
Chapter 10: Containerization with Docker Introduces you to using Docker to deploy your application. We cover the concept of a microservice architecture, then cover all relevant components of the Docker ecosystem: the host, the Docker daemon, Dockerfiles, images, containers, volumes, and Docker Compose. You’ll conclude by splitting your application into self-contained microservices.
In Part II, you’ll use your newfound knowledge to build a web application that applies the concepts, tools, and frameworks introduced in Part I. The Food Finder application is a location search service that lets users log in with their GitHub account and maintain a wish list of places to visit.
Chapter 11: Setting Up the Docker Environment Create the foundation of your Food Finder application by using your knowledge of Docker and containerization to set up your development environment. You’ll use Docker Compose to decouple the application development from your local system and then add a MongoDB server as its own service.
Chapter 12: Building the Middleware Create the first part of the Food Finder application’s middleware. Here you’ll connect Mongoose to the MongoDB service and create its schema, model, services, and custom types. With these pieces in place, you’ll be able to create, read, update, and delete data from your database.
Chapter 13: Building the GraphQL API Use your knowledge of GraphQL to add an Apollo GraphQL server to your Food Finder application, then implement a public GraphQL API. You’ll be able to use the Apollo sandbox to read and update data with GraphQL on your MongoDB server.
Chapter 14: Building the Frontend Use React components and the Next.js framework to build the frontend for the Food Finder application. At this point, you’ll have implemented a complete modern full-stack application that reads data from the database through your custom middleware and renders the data to your application’s frontend.
Chapter 15: Adding OAuth Add an OAuth flow to your app so that visitors can log in to maintain a personal wish list of locations. You’ll use the next-auth package from Auth.js to add login options using GitHub.
Chapter 16: Running Automated Tests in Docker Set up automated snapshot tests with Jest and configure a new service to run the tests automatically.
Then, in the appendices, you’ll get detailed information on the TypeScript Compiler options and the most common Jest matchers. Also, you’ll use your newfound knowledge to explore and understand Next.js’s modern app directory approach.
Appendix A: TypeScript Compiler Options Shows the most common TypeScript Compiler (TSC) options so that you can customize your own TypeScript projects to your liking.
Appendix B: The Next.js app Directory Explores a new routing pattern using the app directory that Next.js introduced in version 13. You can then choose to work with either the traditional pages approach covered in Chapter 5 or the modern app directory in your own upcoming projects.
Appendix C: Common Matchers Shows the most common matchers for testing your applications with Jest and the Jest DOM.
The Parts of a Full-Stack Application
Throughout this book, we’ll discuss various portions of an application. This section gives you a crash course on what we mean when we use the terms frontend, middleware, and backend.
The Frontend
The frontend is the user-facing part of a website or web application. It runs on the client, typically a web browser. You can think of it as the “front office” of the web application. For example, on https://www.google.com, the frontend is a page with a simple search bar, though of course, frontend development can be much more complex than this; take a look at Google’s search results page or the interface of the last website you visited.
Frontend developers focus on user engagement, experiences, and interfaces. They rely on HTML for creating the elements of the website’s interface, CSS for styling, JavaScript for user interactions, and frameworks such as Next.js to pull everything together.
The Middleware
The middleware connects an application’s frontend and backend and performs all of its chores, such as integrating with third-party services and transferring and updating data. You can think of it as the employees on the company floor.
As full-stack developers, we often write middleware for routing our applications, which means serving the correct data for a particular URL, handling database connections, and performing authorization. For example, on https://www.google.com, the middleware asks the server for the landing page’s HTML. Then a different part of the middleware checks whether the user is logged in, and if so, which personal data it should show. Meanwhile, a third part of the middleware consolidates the information from each of these data streams and then answers the server’s requests with the correct HTML.
One essential part of a full-stack application’s middleware is its API layer, which exposes the application’s APIs. Generally, an API is code written to connect two machines. Often, an API lets the frontend code (or a third party) access the application’s backend. JavaScript-driven development relies on two primary architectural frameworks for creating APIs: REST and GraphQL, both of which are covered in Chapter 6.
You could write the middleware by using any programming language. Most full-stack developers use modern JavaScript or TypeScript, but they could instead use PHP, Ruby, or Go.
The Backend
The backend is the invisible part of a web application. In a JavaScript-driven application, the backend runs on a server, typically Express.js, though others might use Apache or NGINX. You can think of it as the “back office” of the web application.
More concretely, the backend handles any operations involving the application’s data. It performs create, read, update, and delete (CRUD) operations on the values stored in the database and returns the datasets requested by the user through the middleware’s API layer. For https://www.google.com, the backend is the code that searches the database for the keywords you entered in the frontend, which the backend received through the middleware. The middleware would combine these search results with other relevant pieces of information. Then the user would see the search results page rendered by the frontend.
Backend development can be done in any programming language. Full-stack developers usually employ modern JavaScript or TypeScript. Other options include PHP, Ruby, Elixir, Python, Java, and frameworks like Symfony, Ruby on Rails, Phoenix, and Django.
A Brief History of JavaScript and Full-Stack Development
All developers should understand the context of the tools they’re using. Before we begin developing, let’s start with a bit of history.
The full-stack developer position evolved alongside JavaScript, which began as nothing more than a scripting language that ran in users’ browsers. Developers used it to add elements to their websites, such as accordions, pop-up menus, and overlays, that reacted immediately to a user’s behavior, without requiring requests to the application’s server.
Until the late 2000s, most JavaScript libraries were designed to provide consistent interfaces to handle vendor-specific quirks. Often, the JavaScript engines were slow, especially when interacting with, updating, or modifying the HTML. Hence, JavaScript was considered a quirky scripting language for the frontend and was frowned upon by backend developers.
Several projects attempted to popularize the use of JavaScript in the backend, but until the release of Node.js in 2009, these didn’t gain any traction. Node.js, covered in Chapter 1, is a JavaScript tool for developing backends. Shortly thereafter, the Node.js package manager npm built the missing ecosystem for full-stack JavaScript development.
This ecosystem includes a host of JavaScript libraries for working with databases, building user interfaces, and writing server-side code (many of which we’ll explore in this book). These new tools allowed developers to use JavaScript reliably on both the client and the server. Of particular importance, Google released the Angular framework in 2010, and Meta (known as Facebook at the time) released React in 2013. The commitment of these internet giants to building JavaScript tools turned full-stack web development into a sought-after role.
Setting Up
Throughout this book, you’ll write code and run command line tools. You can use any development environment you’d like, but here are some guidelines.
The most common code editor these days is Visual Studio Code, which you can download from https://code.visualstudio.com. It is Microsoft’s open source editor and is free for Windows, macOS, and Linux. In addition, you can extend and configure it through a plethora of third-party plug-ins and adjust its appearance to your liking. However, if you’re used to a different editor, such as Vim or Emacs, you can keep using it. The book doesn’t require a particular tool.
Depending on your operating system, your default command line program will be either the Command Prompt (on Windows) or the Terminal (on macOS and Linux). These programs use slightly different syntax for tasks like creating, changing, and listing the contents of a directory. This book shows the Linux and macOS versions of these commands. If you’re using Windows, you’ll have to adapt the commands for your operating system. For example, instead of ls, Windows uses dir to list files and folders in the current directory. Microsoft’s official command line reference lists all available commands here: https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server/administration/windows-commands/windows-commands#command-line-reference-a-z.
The most notable difference between operating systems relevant to this book is the escape character used for line breaks in multiline cURL commands. This escape character is \ on macOS and ^ on Windows. We’ll point out these differences in Chapter 6, when we first use cURL.
You can download the code listings for the first part of the book and the complete source code for the Food Finder application from https://www.usemodernfullstack.dev/downloads.
TypeScript Programming Language, TypeScript Compiler, TypeScript tsc Command, TypeScript Transpilation, TypeScript Type Annotation, TypeScript Interface, TypeScript Type Alias, TypeScript Enum, TypeScript Class, TypeScript Module, TypeScript Namespace, TypeScript Ambient Declaration, TypeScript d.ts File, TypeScript Declaration File, TypeScript tsconfig.json, TypeScript Strict Mode, TypeScript Strict Null Checks, TypeScript Non-Null Assertion Operator, TypeScript Type Inference, TypeScript Union Type, TypeScript Intersection Type, TypeScript Generics, TypeScript Generic Constraints, TypeScript Generic Default Type, TypeScript Partial Type, TypeScript Readonly Type, TypeScript Pick Type, TypeScript Omit Type, TypeScript Exclude Type, TypeScript Extract Type, TypeScript Record Type, TypeScript ReturnType Type, TypeScript Parameters Type, TypeScript ConstructorParameters Type, TypeScript InstanceType Type, TypeScript Required Type, TypeScript NonNullable Type, TypeScript ThisType, TypeScript Unknown Type, TypeScript Never Type, TypeScript Any Type, TypeScript Void Type, TypeScript Object Type, TypeScript Symbol Type, TypeScript Literal Type, TypeScript Template Literal Type, TypeScript Indexed Access Type, TypeScript Conditional Type, TypeScript Infer Keyword, TypeScript Mapped Type, TypeScript Keyof Keyword, TypeScript In Keyword (Types), TypeScript Extends Keyword (Types), TypeScript Structural Typing, TypeScript Duck Typing, TypeScript Nominal Typing (via branding), TypeScript Interface Merging, TypeScript Declaration Merging, TypeScript Module Augmentation, TypeScript Ambient Module, TypeScript Triple-Slash Directive, TypeScript Reference Path, TypeScript Reference Types, TypeScript Reference Lib, TypeScript Reference NoDefaultLib, TypeScript JSX, TypeScript TSX, TypeScript React JSX, TypeScript JSX.Element, TypeScript JSX.IntrinsicElements, TypeScript JSX.ElementClass, TypeScript Decorator, TypeScript Experimental Decorators, TypeScript Metadata Reflection API, TypeScript EmitDecoratorMetadata, TypeScript Decorator Factory, TypeScript Class Decorator, TypeScript Method Decorator, TypeScript Property Decorator, TypeScript Parameter Decorator, TypeScript Accessor Decorator, TypeScript Abstract Class, TypeScript Public Keyword, TypeScript Private Keyword, TypeScript Protected Keyword, TypeScript Readonly Keyword, TypeScript Static Keyword, TypeScript Implements Keyword, TypeScript Extends Keyword (Classes), TypeScript Super Keyword, TypeScript Constructor Parameter Properties, TypeScript Access Modifiers, TypeScript Index Signature, TypeScript Optional Chaining Operator, TypeScript Nullish Coalescing Operator, TypeScript Assertion Function, TypeScript Assertion Signature, TypeScript Type Assertion, TypeScript as Keyword, TypeScript Angle Bracket Assertion (Older Syntax), TypeScript Definite Assignment Assertion, TypeScript Discriminated Union, TypeScript Tagged Union, TypeScript Branded Type, TypeScript Intersection Property Distribution, TypeScript Function Type, TypeScript Call Signature, TypeScript Construct Signature, TypeScript Overloaded Function, TypeScript Rest Parameters, TypeScript Default Parameters, TypeScript Arrow Function Type, TypeScript Void Return Type, TypeScript Unknown Return Type, TypeScript Promise Type, TypeScript Async Function Type, TypeScript Awaited Type, TypeScript Generator Type, TypeScript Iterator Type, TypeScript Iterable Type, TypeScript IterableIterator Type, TypeScript AsyncIterable Type, TypeScript AsyncIterator Type, TypeScript AsyncIterableIterator Type, TypeScript Symbol.iterator, TypeScript Symbol.asyncIterator, TypeScript Symbol.hasInstance, TypeScript Symbol.species, TypeScript Symbol.toPrimitive, TypeScript Symbol.toStringTag, TypeScript Interface Inheritance, TypeScript Extending Interface, TypeScript Implementing Interface, TypeScript Hybrid Types, TypeScript Callable Interface, TypeScript Newable Interface, TypeScript Class Expression, TypeScript Abstract Method, TypeScript Abstract Property, TypeScript Abstract Constructor, TypeScript Class Fields, TypeScript Parameter Decorators, TypeScript Reflect Metadata, TypeScript JSDoc Annotations, TypeScript @type JSDoc Tag, TypeScript @typedef JSDoc Tag, TypeScript @template JSDoc Tag, TypeScript @param JSDoc Tag, TypeScript @returns JSDoc Tag, TypeScript StrictBindCallApply, TypeScript StrictFunctionTypes, TypeScript StrictPropertyInitialization, TypeScript StrictNullChecks Flag, TypeScript NoImplicitAny, TypeScript NoImplicitThis, TypeScript AlwaysStrict, TypeScript NoUnusedLocals, TypeScript NoUnusedParameters, TypeScript NoImplicitReturns, TypeScript NoFallthroughCasesInSwitch, TypeScript StrictUnknownChecks, TypeScript StrictBindCallApply, TypeScript NoImplicitOverride, TypeScript UseUnknownInCatchVariables, TypeScript ImportsNotUsedAsValues, TypeScript IsolatedModules, TypeScript PreserveSymlinks, TypeScript BaseUrl, TypeScript Paths Mapping, TypeScript RootDirs, TypeScript Composite Projects, TypeScript Build Mode, TypeScript Incremental Compilation, TypeScript DeclarationMap, TypeScript SourceMap, TypeScript InlineSourceMap, TypeScript InlineSources, TypeScript RemoveComments, TypeScript NoEmit, TypeScript NoEmitOnError, TypeScript OutDir, TypeScript OutFile, TypeScript RootDir, TypeScript TsBuildInfoFile, TypeScript DeclarationDir, TypeScript ListFiles, TypeScript ListEmittedFiles, TypeScript Extended Diagnostics, TypeScript Diagnostics, TypeScript TraceResolution, TypeScript ExplainFiles, TypeScript StripInternal, TypeScript StrictOptionCheck, TypeScript StrictModeFlags, TypeScript Syntactic Diagnostics, TypeScript Semantic Diagnostics, TypeScript Declaration Diagnostics, TypeScript PseudoBigInt, TypeScript Bigint Literal, TypeScript Bigint Type, TypeScript IntrinsicAttributes, TypeScript IntrinsicClassAttributes, TypeScript IntrinsicElements, TypeScript Global Augmentation, TypeScript Shorthand Ambient Module, TypeScript Export As Namespace, TypeScript Export =, TypeScript Import = require, TypeScript Type-Only Imports, TypeScript Type-Only Exports, TypeScript Export Type, TypeScript Import Type, TypeScript typeof Type Operator, TypeScript keyof Type Operator, TypeScript unique symbol, TypeScript Template Literal Type Inference, TypeScript Variadic Tuple Types, TypeScript Labeled Tuple Elements, TypeScript Template Literal Type, TypeScript Template Literal String, TypeScript Indexed Access Types, TypeScript Conditional Types Extended, TypeScript Distributed Conditional Types, TypeScript Recursive Conditional Types, TypeScript Tail Recursion Elimination, TypeScript Type Guards, TypeScript User-Defined Type Guard, TypeScript in Type Guards, TypeScript instanceof Type Guards, TypeScript typeof Type Guards, TypeScript Assertion Signatures, TypeScript Definite Assignment Assertions, TypeScript Control Flow Analysis, TypeScript Control Flow Based Type Analysis, TypeScript Control Flow Graph, TypeScript Flow Nodes, TypeScript Narrowing, TypeScript Type Predicates, TypeScript Function Overloads, TypeScript Declaration Emit, TypeScript Declaration Transformation, TypeScript Symbol Table, TypeScript Binder, TypeScript Checker, TypeScript Emitter, TypeScript Transformer, TypeScript Compiler Host, TypeScript Language Service, TypeScript Compiler API, TypeScript AST (Abstract Syntax Tree), TypeScript Node Interface, TypeScript SourceFile, TypeScript SyntaxKind Enum, TypeScript Checker API, TypeScript Program API, TypeScript TypeChecker API, TypeScript CompilerOptions Interface, TypeScript CompilerOptions Diagnostics, TypeScript ProjectReferences, TypeScript Composite Flag, TypeScript Declaration Flag, TypeScript Incremental Flag, TypeScript TSBuildInfo File, TypeScript watch Mode, TypeScript watchFile, TypeScript watchDirectory, TypeScript createProgram, TypeScript createWatchProgram, TypeScript createIncrementalProgram, TypeScript createSolutionBuilder, TypeScript createSolutionBuilderWithWatch, TypeScript resolveModuleName, TypeScript resolveTypeReferenceDirective, TypeScript Custom Module Resolution, TypeScript Plugin API, TypeScript Compiler Plugin, TypeScript Language Service Plugin, TypeScript CompletionInfo, TypeScript CompletionEntry, TypeScript SignatureHelp, TypeScript QuickInfo, TypeScript DefinitionInfo, TypeScript ImplementationInfo, TypeScript CodeFixAction, TypeScript CodeFix, TypeScript RefactorInfo, TypeScript RefactorActionInfo, TypeScript NavigationBarItem, TypeScript NavigationTree, TypeScript RenameInfo, TypeScript RenameLocations, TypeScript FormattingOptions, TypeScript TextChange, TypeScript EditorSettings, TypeScript UserPreferences, TypeScript CompilerHost.getSourceFile, TypeScript CompilerHost.getDefaultLibFileName, TypeScript CompilerHost.writeFile, TypeScript resolveModuleNames Hook, TypeScript resolveTypeReferenceDirectives Hook, TypeScript writeFile Callback, TypeScript CustomTransformers, TypeScript TransformerFactory, TypeScript TransformerContext, TypeScript Visitor Function, TypeScript updateSourceFileNode, TypeScript updateNode, TypeScript Printer API, TypeScript createPrinter, TypeScript PrintHandlers, TypeScript PrintFile, TypeScript Type Format Flags, TypeScript Symbol Display Builder, TypeScript TypeToString, TypeScript SymbolToString, TypeScript Diagnostic Message, TypeScript Diagnostic Category, TypeScript Diagnostic Code, TypeScript DiagnosticRelatedInformation, TypeScript DiagnosticReporter, TypeScript EmitResult, TypeScript PreEmitDiagnostics, TypeScript SyntacticDiagnostics, TypeScript SemanticDiagnostics, TypeScript DeclarationDiagnostics, TypeScript getParsedCommandLineOfConfigFile, TypeScript parseJsonConfigFileContent, TypeScript convertCompilerOptionsFromJson, TypeScript resolveProjectReferencePath, TypeScript getAllProjectReferences, TypeScript LanguageServer Protocol Integration, TypeScript tsserver, TypeScript tsserverlibrary, TypeScript tsserver API, TypeScript tsserverplugin, TypeScript Editor Integration, TypeScript Sublime Text Integration, TypeScript VSCode Integration, TypeScript WebStorm Integration, TypeScript Eclipse Integration, TypeScript Vim Integration, TypeScript Emacs Integration, TypeScript Atom Integration, TypeScript Monaco Editor Integration, TypeScript Playground, TypeScript REPL Tools, TypeScript Node Integration, TypeScript Deno Integration, TypeScript Babel Integration, TypeScript Webpack Loader, TypeScript Rollup Plugin, TypeScript Parcel Integration, TypeScript FuseBox Integration, TypeScript Gulp Integration, TypeScript Grunt Integration, TypeScript ESLint Integration, TypeScript TSLint (Deprecated), TypeScript Prettier Integration, TypeScript Formatter, TypeScript Linter, TypeScript Language Server, TypeScript Server Plugin, TypeScript Vue SFC Integration, TypeScript Angular Integration, TypeScript React Integration, TypeScript JSX Mode, TypeScript TSX Mode, TypeScript Next.js Integration, TypeScript Gatsby Integration, TypeScript Nuxt.js Integration, TypeScript Svelte Integration, TypeScript Stencil Integration, TypeScript LitElement Integration, TypeScript Polymer Integration, TypeScript RxJS Type Definitions, TypeScript Node Type Definitions, TypeScript DOM Type Definitions, TypeScript ESNext Type Definitions, TypeScript ES2015 Type Definitions, TypeScript ES2017 Type Definitions, TypeScript ES2020 Type Definitions, TypeScript ES2021 Type Definitions, TypeScript ES2022 Type Definitions, TypeScript ES3 Compatibility, TypeScript ES5 Target, TypeScript ES6 Target, TypeScript ES2015 Target, TypeScript ES2017 Target, TypeScript ES2018 Target, TypeScript ES2019 Target, TypeScript ES2020 Target, TypeScript ES2021 Target, TypeScript ES2022 Target, TypeScript ESNext Target, TypeScript Module CommonJS, TypeScript Module AMD, TypeScript Module UMD, TypeScript Module SystemJS, TypeScript Module ESNext, TypeScript Module NodeNext, TypeScript Module Node16, TypeScript Lib ES5, TypeScript Lib ES6, TypeScript Lib ES2015, TypeScript Lib ES2016, TypeScript Lib ES2017, TypeScript Lib ES2018, TypeScript Lib ES2019, TypeScript Lib ES2020, TypeScript Lib ES2021, TypeScript Lib ES2022, TypeScript Lib DOM, TypeScript Lib Webworker, TypeScript Lib Webworker.Iterable, TypeScript Lib ScriptHost, TypeScript Lib DOM.Iterable, TypeScript Lib ESNext, TypeScript Target Option, TypeScript ModuleResolutionOption, TypeScript BaseUrl Option, TypeScript RootDirs Option, TypeScript Paths Option, TypeScript TypeRoots Option, TypeScript Types Option, TypeScript TraceResolution Option, TypeScript PreserveSymlinks Option, TypeScript AllowJs, TypeScript CheckJs, TypeScript Declaration, TypeScript DeclarationMap, TypeScript RemoveComments, TypeScript Incremental, TypeScript Composite, TypeScript InlineSourceMap, TypeScript InlineSources, TypeScript SourceMap, TypeScript IsolatedModules, TypeScript SkipLibCheck, TypeScript SkipDefaultLibCheck, TypeScript ForceConsistentCasingInFileNames, TypeScript RootDir, TypeScript OutDir, TypeScript OutFile, TypeScript AllowSyntheticDefaultImports, TypeScript ExperimentalDecorators, TypeScript EmitDecoratorMetadata, TypeScript DownlevelIteration, TypeScript StrictBindCallApply Option, TypeScript StrictPropertyInitialization Option, TypeScript UseUnknownInCatchVariables Option, TypeScript ImportsNotUsedAsValues Option, TypeScript PreserveConstEnums, TypeScript NoEmit, TypeScript NoEmitOnError, TypeScript ImportHelpers, TypeScript IsolatedModules Option, TypeScript Babel Plugin Transform TypeScript, TypeScript TypeDoc Integration, TypeScript API Extractor Integration, TypeScript Source Maps Support, TypeScript Decorators Metadata, TypeScript Experimental Flags, TypeScript Constraint Satisfaction, TypeScript Indexed Access Update, TypeScript Watch Mode Iteration, TypeScript watchFile Strategy, TypeScript watchDirectory Strategy, TypeScript incremental compilation cache, TypeScript composite build mode, TypeScript build reference, TypeScript output chunking, TypeScript declaration bundling, TypeScript path mapping resolution, TypeScript module specifier resolution, TypeScript import elision, TypeScript JSX factory, TypeScript JSX fragment factory, TypeScript JSX runtime, TypeScript preserve JSX, TypeScript react-jsx mode, TypeScript react-jsxdev mode, TypeScript isolated JSX namespace, TypeScript intrinsic element attribute types, TypeScript union type narrowing, TypeScript control flow narrowing, TypeScript discriminant property checks, TypeScript exhaustive switch checks, TypeScript unreachable code detection, TypeScript definite assignment checks, TypeScript optional property checks, TypeScript template literal type inference, TypeScript partial inference in generic, TypeScript tuple type inference, TypeScript tuple variance, TypeScript mapped type modifiers, TypeScript template literal type patterns, TypeScript conditional type inference patterns, TypeScript recursive type references, TypeScript tail-call optimization in types, TypeScript big integer literal types, TypeScript symbol literal types, TypeScript unique symbol types, TypeScript indexed access constraints, TypeScript type compatibility rules, TypeScript subtype and assignability, TypeScript assignability checks, TypeScript structural typing rules, TypeScript type alias circular references, TypeScript limit on instantiation depth, TypeScript error message hints, TypeScript suggestion diagnostics, TypeScript code actions, TypeScript refactorings, TypeScript organize imports, TypeScript rename symbol, TypeScript code fix all, TypeScript diagnostic tags, TypeScript unreachable code is error, TypeScript deprecated API warnings, TypeScript quick fixes for missed imports, TypeScript auto import suggestions, TypeScript auto fix on save, TypeScript incremental build watch, TypeScript composite project references, TypeScript solution style tsconfig, TypeScript project graph, TypeScript project dependency, TypeScript build order, TypeScript outDir redirect, TypeScript preserve watch output order, TypeScript advanced module resolution tracing, TypeScript plugin config in tsconfig, TypeScript plugin diagnostics, TypeScript plugin extra file extensions, TypeScript plugin language service extension, TypeScript server high memory usage, TypeScript server performance tracing, TypeScript server logVerbosity, TypeScript server cancellation tokens, TypeScript language server protocol features, TypeScript auto import from inferred project, TypeScript auto @ts-check in JS, TypeScript checkJs mode, TypeScript allowJs mode, TypeScript declaration and allowJs, TypeScript composite and allowJs, TypeScript incremental and composite flags
TypeScript: TypeScript Glossary, TypeScript Best Practices, Web Development Best Practices, JavaScript Best Practices, TypeScript Fundamentals, TypeScript Inventor - TypeScript Language Designer: Anders Hejlsberg of Microsoft on October 1, 2012; TypeScript Keywords, TypeScript Built-In Data Types, TypeScript Data Structures - TypeScript Algorithms, TypeScript Syntax, TypeScript on Linux, TypeScript on macOS, TypeScript on Windows, TypeScript on Android, TypeScript on iOS, TypeScript Installation, TypeScript Containerization (TypeScript with Docker, TypeScript with Podman, TypeScript and Kubernetes), TypeScript OOP - TypeScript Design Patterns, Clean TypeScript - TypeScript Style Guide, TypeScript Best Practices - TypeScript BDD, Web Browser, Web Development, HTML-CSS, TypeScript Frameworks (Angular), JavaScript Libraries (React.js with TypeScript, Vue.js with TypeScript, jQuery with TypeScript), TypeScript on the Server (TypeScript with Node.js, TypeScript with Deno, TypeScript with Express.js), TypeScript Compiler (tsc, tsconfig.json), TypeScript Transpiler (Transpile TypeScript into JavaScript), Babel and TypeScript, TypeScript Package Management, NPM and TypeScript, NVM and TypeScript, Yarn Package Manager and TypeScript, TypeScript IDEs (Visual Studio Code, Visual Studio, JetBrains WebStorm), TypeScript Development Tools, TypeScript Linter, TypeScript Debugging (Chrome DevTools, JavaScript Source Maps), TypeScript Testing (TypeScript TDD, Selenium, Jest, Mocha.js, Jasmine, Tape Testing (tap-producing test harness for Node.js and browsers), Supertest, React Testing Library, Enzyme.js React Testing, Angular TestBed), TypeScript DevOps - TypeScript SRE, TypeScript Data Science - TypeScript DataOps, TypeScript Machine Learning, TypeScript Deep Learning, Functional TypeScript, TypeScript Concurrency (WebAssembly - WASM) - TypeScript Async (TypeScript Await, TypeScript Promises, TypeScript Workers - Web Workers, Service Workers, Browser Main Thread), TypeScript Concurrency, TypeScript History, TypeScript Bibliography, Manning TypeScript Series, TypeScript Glossary - Glossaire de TypeScript - French, TypeScript T, TypeScript Courses, TypeScript Standard Library, TypeScript Libraries, TypeScript Frameworks (Angular), TypeScript Research, JavaScript, TypeScript GitHub, Written in TypeScript, TypeScript Popularity, TypeScript Awesome, TypeScript Versions. (navbar_typescript - see also navbar_javascript, navbar_typescript_networking, navbar_javascript_libraries, navbar_typescript_libraries, navbar_typescript_versions, navbar_typescript_standard_library, navbar_typescript_libraries, navbar_typescript_reserved_words, navbar_typescript_functional, navbar_typescript_concurrency, navbar_typescript_async, navbar_javascript_standard_library, navbar_react.js, navbar_angular, navbar_vue, navbar_javascript_standard_library, navbar_web_development)
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