chinese_character_cognates_in_korean_-

bitter, stinging

C J K

辛辛辛

xīn しん (shin) 신 /sɪn/

辛 7

① 辛辣: xīn là ① 辛辣: しんらつ ① 辛辣: 신랄

② 辛苦: xīn kǔ ② 辛苦: しんく ② 辛苦: 신 고

③ 辛酸: xīnsuān ③ 辛酸: しんさん ③ 辛酸: 신 산

① severe, harsh, bitter, sharp ② toil, hardship, pains, trouble ③ hardship, privation

A pictogram depicting a sharp pointed instrument used in the permanent pigmentation on the foreheads of either criminals or slaves, later coming to mean 'bitter' or 'spicy'.

712: 農

agriculture, farm, farming

C J K

农農農

nóng のう (nou) 농 /nɔ ŋ/

冖 6

辰 13

① 农事: nóngshì ① 農事: のうじ ① 農事: 농사

② 农历: nónglì ③ 農園: のうえん ③ 農園: 농원

④ 农奴: nóngnú ④ 農奴: のうど ④ 農奴: 농노

① farming ② lunar calendar ③ plantation, farm ④ serf, slave

A compound ideogram combining 'grove (林→曲)' and 'early morning starts (辰)', originally meaning 'start in the fields early', later coming to mean 'grow grains' or 'farming'.

713: 迎

receive, welcome, greet

C J K

迎迎迎

yíng げい (gei) 영 /yə ŋ/

辶 6

辶 7

① 迎接: yíngjiē ① 迎接: げいせつ ① 迎接: 영접

② 欢迎: huān yíng ② 歓迎: かんげい ② 歡迎: 환 영

③ 迎送: yíngsòng ③ 送迎: そうげい ③ 送迎: 송영

① reception, greet ② welcome, warmly receive ③ see off & welcome, send off & receive

A phono-semantic compound between the semantic 'walk slowly (辶)' and the phonetic 'raise (卬)', meaning 'receive' or 'greet'.

714: 近

near, close, recent

C J K

近近近

jìn きん (kin) 근 /ɡɜn/

辶 6

辶 7

① 近处: jìnchù ① 近所: きんじょ ① 近處: 근 처

② 近来: jìn lái ② 近来: きんらい ② 近來: 근래

③ 接近: jiē jìn ③ 接近: せっきん ③ 接近: 접근

① near, vicinity, neighborhood ② recent, recently ③ approach, draw near, come close

A phono-semantic compound combining the semantic 'walk slowly (辶)' and the phonetic 'axe (斤)', meaning one must be 'close' or 'near' a tree in order to fell it.

715: 追

pursue, chase

C J K

追追追

zhuī つい (tsui) 추 /tʃu/

辶 8

辶 9

① 追踪: zhuī zōng ① 追跡: ついせき ① 追跡: 추적

② 追加: zhuī jiā ② 追加: ついか ② 追加: 추가

③ 追究: zhuījiū ④ 追放: ついほう ④ 追放: 추방

① track, pursue ② addition, supplement ③ investigate, scrutinize ④ banishment, exile, eviction

A phono-semantic compound between the semantic 'walk slowly(辶)' and the phonetic 'dirt pile (師→𠂤)', meaning 'chase' and capture.

716: 退

set back, retreat, withdraw

C J K

退退退

tuì たい (tai) 퇴 /tɒe/

辶 8

辶 9

① 退休: tuì xiū ① 引退: いんたい ① 隱退: 은퇴

② 后退: hòu tuì ② 後退: こうたい ② 後退: 후 퇴

③ 退回: tuì huí ④ 退任: たいにん ④ 退任: 퇴 임

① retirement ② retreat, fall back ③ go back, return ④ resignation, stepping down

A compound ideogram combining 'walk slowly (辶)' with 'cease (艮)', meaning quit what you were doing and 'retreat' or 'withdraw'.

717: 送

send, see off

C J K

送送送

sòng そう (sou) 송 /sɔ ŋ/

辶 8

辶 9

① 送别: sòngbié ① 送別: そうべつ ① 送別: 송별

② 送交: sòngjiāo ③ 送付: そうふ ③ 送付: 송부

④ 送达: sòngdá ④ 送達: そうたつ ④ 送達: 송달

① see off, send off, bid farewell ② summon, arraign ③ sending, forwarding, remittance ④ serve, deliver, conveyance

A compound ideogram combining 'walk slowly (辶)' with 'bridesmaid (媵→关)', originally meaning a maid to 'send with the bride', later coming to mean 'send'.

718: 逆

disobey, rebel, oppose, reverse

C J K

逆逆逆

nì ぎゃく (gyaku) 역 /yəɡ/

辶 8

辶 9

① 逆说: nìshuō ① 逆説: ぎゃくせつ ① 逆說: 역설

② 逆境: nìjìng ② 逆境: ぎゃっきょう ② 逆境: 역 경

③ 逆转: nìzhuǎn ③ 逆転: ぎゃくてん ③ 逆轉: 역 전

① paradox, contradiction ② adversity ③ reversal, sudden change, come from behind

A phono-semantic compound between the semantic 'walk slowly (辶)' and the phonetic 'go against (屰)', originally meaning 'receive someone', later coming to mean 'oppose' or 'disobey'.

719: 通

pass through, communicate

C J K

通通通

tōng つう (tsuu) 통 /tɔ ŋ/

辶 9

辶 10

① 通过: tōng guò ① 通過: つうか ① 通過: 통 과

② 通译: tōng yì ② 通訳: つうやく ② 通譯: 통 역

③ 通知: tōngzhī ④ 通帳: つうちょう ⑤ 姦通: 간 통

① pass, passage, pass through ② oral language interpretation ③ notice, notification, posting ④ passbook, bank book ⑤ adultery, philandery

A phono-semantic compound combining the semantic 'walk slowly (辶)' with the phonetic 'side street (甬)', meaning 'pass through' or 'reach' without obstruction, like water 'gushing forth (涌)'.

720: 速

quick, speed, velocity

C J K

速速速

sù そく (soku) 속 /sɔɡ/

辶 9

辶 10

① 速度: sùdù ① 速度: そくど ① 速度: 속 도

② 速攻: sù gōng ③ 速報: そくほう ③ 速報: 속 보

④ 速决: sù jué ④ 速決: そっけつ ④ 速決: 속 결

① speed, velocity ② swift attack ③ news flash, bulletin ④ quick decision

A phono-semantic compound between the semantic 'walk slowly (辶)' and the phonetic 'fetter (束)', meaning 'rapid' or 'speed' up by binding feet closely together.

721: 造

build, make

C J K

造造造

zào ぞう (zou) 조 /dʒ ɔ/

辶 9

辶 10

① 造成: zàoc[[héng]] ① 造成: ぞうせい ① 造成: 조 성

② 构造: gòuzào ② 構造: こうぞう ② 構造: 구 조

③ 创造: chuàng zào ④ 造化: ぞうか ④ 造化: 조 화

① make, cause, create ② structure, construction, constitution ③ create, creation ④ creation, nature, the universe

A phono-semantic compound between the semantic 'walk slowly (辶)' and the phonetic 'inform (告)', meaning take steps to announce the work one has done, coming to mean 'make' or 'build'.

722: 連

join, link, connect

C J K

连連連

lián れん (ren) 련/연 /ryən//yən/

辶 6

辶 9

辶 10

① 连结: liánjié ① 連結: れんけつ ① 連結: 연결

② 连续: liánxù ② 連続: れんぞく ② 連續: 연속

③ 连累: liánlěi ③ 連累: れんるい ③ 連累: 연루

① link, connect ② series, consecutive ③ implication, complicity, involvement

A phono-semantic compound combining the semantic 'walk slowly (辶)' and the phonetic 'carriage (車)', originally meaning 'a column of military vehicles' or 'unbroken wheel tracks', later coming to mean 'connect' or 'join'.

723: 進

advance, progress

C J K

进進進

jìn しん (shin) 진 /dʒ ɪn/

辶 6

辶 10

辶 11

① 进步: jìn bù ① 進歩: しんぽ ① 進步: 진 보

② 进化: jìn huà ② 進化: しんか ② 進化: 진 화

③ 进出: jìnchū ④ 進出: しんしゅつ ④ 進出: 진출

① progress, advance, improve ② evolution, progress, development ③ in & out, receipts & payments ④ advance, enter, launch

A phono-semantic compound between the semantic 'walk slowly (辶)' and the phonetic 'bird (隹)', meaning 'progress' or 'advance', like a bird prances before taking flight.

724: 遇

meet, come across, encounter

C J K

遇遇遇

yù ぐう (guu) 우 /u/

辶 11

辶 12

① 遇到: yù dào ① 遭遇: そうぐう ① 遭遇: 조 우

② 待遇: dài yù ② 待遇: たいぐう ② 待遇: 대 우

③ 境遇: jìng yù ③ 境遇: きょうぐう ③ 境遇: 경 우

① encounter, chance meeting ② treatment, reception ③ instance, situation, circumstance

A phono-semantic compound combining the semantic 'walk slowly (辶)' and the phonetic 'the other half (偶→禺)', meaning 'meet' or 'encounter' on the road.

725: 過

pass, pass through, go across

C J K

过過過

guō か (ka) 과 /ɡɒʌ/

辶 5

辶 11

辶 12

① 过去: guò qù ① 過去: かこ ① 過去: 과 거

② 过失: guò shī ② 過失: かしつ ② 過失: 과 실

③ 过激: guò jī ③ 過激: かげき ③ 過激: 과 격

① the past, bygone days ② mistake, error, negligence ③ extreme, radical, drastic

A phono-semantic compound combining the semantic 'walk slowly (辶)' and the phonetic 'whirlpool (渦→咼)', originally meaning 'water crossing', later coming to mean 'pass', 'error' or 'fault'.

726: 遊

wander, meander, travel, swim

C J K

游遊遊

yóu ゆう (yuu) 유 /yu/

辶 12

辶 11

辶 12

① 游泳: yóu yǒng - -

② 游客: yóu kè ③ 遊覧: ゆうらん ③ 遊覽: 유 람

③ 游览: yóu lǎn ④ 遊牧: ゆうぼく ④ 遊牧: 유 목

① swim, swimming ② tourist ③ sightseeing ④ nomadism

A phono-semantic compound between the semantic 'walk slowly (辶)' and the phonetic 'flag (斿)', meaning 'meander' or 'go casually about' like a hoisted flag waves in the wind.

727: 運

move, transport, luck, fortune

C J K

运運運

yùn うん (un) 운 /un/

辶 6

辶 11

辶 12

① 运输: yùnshū ① 運輸: うんゆ ① 運輸: 운수

② 运动: yùndòng ③ 運命: うんめい ② 運動: 운동

④ 运数: yùnshù - ④ 運數: 운수

① transportation ② motion, exercise, physical training ③ fate, destiny ④ fortune, luck

A phono-semantic compound combining the semantic 'walk slowly (辶)' and the phonetic 'military (軍)', meaning 'motion' or 'move' with belongings loaded on a carriage.

728: 道

road, the path, the way

C J K

道道道

dào どう (dou) 도 /dɔ/

辶 11

辶 12

① 道路: dàolù ① 道路: どうろ ① 道路: 도 로

② 道理: dào lǐ ② 道理: どうり ② 道理: 도 리

③ 道教: dào jiào ④ 道家: どうか ⑤ 霸道: 패 도

① road, pathway ② reason, principle, truth ③ Daoism, Taoism ④ Daoist, Taoist ⑤ rule of might, rule by force, military government

A phono-semantic compound between the semantic 'walk slowly (辶)' and the phonetic 'head (首)', meaning 'road', but also encompassing the philosophical meaning of 'the path' or 'the way'.

729: 達

reach, attain, smart, intelligent

C J K

达達達

dá たつ (tatsu) 달 /dʌl/

辶 5

辶 11

辶 12

① 达成: dá c[[héng]] ① 達成: たっせい ① 達成: 달 성

② 达人: dá rén ② 達人: たつじん ② 達人: 달 인

③ 传达: chuán dá ③ 伝達: でんたつ ③ 傳達: 전 달

① achieve, accomplish, attain ② master mind, master, expert ③ transmit, convey, relay

A phono-semantic compound between the semantic 'walk slowly (辶)' and the phonetic 'little lamb (羍)', meaning 'attain' or 'reach' a certain point or milestone.

730: 遠

distant, remote, far

C J K

远遠遠

yuǎn えん (en) 원 /uən/

辶 6

辶 12

辶 13

① 远近: yuǎnjìn ① 遠近: えんきん ① 遠近: 원 근

② 远隔: yuǎngé ② 遠隔: えんかく ② 遠隔: 원 격

③ 远洋: yuǎnyáng ③ 遠洋: えんよう ③ 遠洋: 원양

① far & near, places near & far ② remote, distant, far apart ③ ocean, ocean far from land

A phono-semantic compound combining the semantic 'walk slowly (辶)' with the phonetic 'long gown (袁)', meaning the dragging robe is 'far' or 'distant' as it is long.

731: 適

go, reach, arrive

C J K

适適適

shì てき (teki) 적 /dʒ əɡ/

辶 8

辶 13

辶 14

① 适合: shì hé ① 適合: てきごう ① 適合: 적합

② 适应: shì yìng ② 適応: てきおう ② 適應: 적응

③ 适当: shì dàng ③ 適当: てきとう ③ 適當: 적당

① suitable, compatible ② adaptation, adjustment, acclimate ③ appropriate, adequate

A phono-semantic compound between the semantic 'walk slowly (辶)' and the phonetic 'stem (啇)' although originally combined with 'only (啻)', meaning 'to go' or 'reach'.

732: 選

select, elect, choose

C J K

选選選

xuǎn せん (sen) 선 /sən/

辶 8

辶 14

辶 15

① 选择: xuǎnzé ① 選択: せんたく ① 選擇: 선 택

② 选举: xuǎnjǔ ② 選挙: せんきょ ② 選擧: 선 거

③ 选任: xuǎnrèn ③ 選任: せんにん ③ 選任: 선 임

① choose, select ② election ③ appoint, assign

A phono-semantic compound combining the semantic 'walk slowly (辶)' with the phonetic 'destroy (巽)', meaning 'select' or 'sift through' the destruction.

733: 遺

lost, leave behind

C J K

遗遺遺

yí い (i) 유 /yu/

辶 12

辶 14

辶 15

① 遗产: yí chǎn ① 遺産: いさん ① 遺産: 유 산

② 遗言: yí yán ② 遺言: いごん ② 遺言: 유언

③ 遗憾: yí hàn ③ 遺憾: いかん ③ 遺憾: 유 감

① inheritance, legacy ② will, last words ③ regret, regrettable, pity, remorse

A phono-semantic compound combining the semantic 'walk slowly (辶)' and the phonetic 'precious (貴)', originally meaning 'loss' or 'miss', later coming to mean 'leave behind' or 'lost'.

734: 部

division, section, department

C J K

部部部

bù ぶ (bu) 부 /bu/

阝 10

① 部分: bùfen ① 部分: ぶぶん ① 部分: 부 분

② 部门: bùmén ② 部門: ぶもん ② 部門: 부 문

③ 部长: bù zhǎng ④ 部長: ぶちょう ④ 部長: 부 장

① part, portion, fraction ② department, division, section ③ minister, secretary ④ chief, director

A phono-semantic compound between the phonetic 'sod (咅)' and the semantic 'district (邑→⻏)', originally a name for Gansu Province, later coming to mean 'division' or 'village'.

735: 都

city, capital metropolis

C J K

都都都

dōu / dū と (to) 도 /dɔ/

阝 10

阝 11

① 都市: dūshì ① 都市: とし ① 都市: 도 시

② 都会: dūhuì ③ 都会: とかい ③ 都賣: 도 매

① city, urban, metropolitan ② city, metropolis ③ wholesale

A phono-semantic compound combining the phonetic 'person (者)' and the semantic 'district (⻏)', originally meaning 'ancestral shrine', later coming to mean 'city' or 'capital'.

736: 鄉

village, country, rural

C J K

乡郷鄕

xiāng きょう (kyou) 향 /hyʌŋ/

幺 3

阝 10

阝 12

① 乡愁: xiāng chóu ① 郷愁: きょうしゅう ① 鄕愁: 향 수

② 故乡: gù xiāng ② 故郷: こきょう ② 故鄕: 고 향

③ 乡土: xiāng tǔ ④ 帰郷: ききょう ④ 歸鄕: 귀 향

① homesickness, nostalgia ② hometown, birth place ③ native soil, native land ④ homecoming

A pictogram from an oracle bone inscription depicting two people eating face to face, originally derived from 'dine and entertain guests (饗)', adopting the current form during the Seal Script period and coming to mean 'countryside'.

737: 酒

liquor, spirits

C J K

酒酒酒

jiǔ しゅ (shu) 주 /dʒu/

酉 10

① 清酒: qīngjiǔ ① 清酒: せいしゅ ① 淸酒: 청주

② 烧酒: shāojiǔ ② 焼酒: しょうしゅ ② 燒酒: 소 주

③ 果酒: guǒ jiǔ ④ 酒税: しゅぜい ③ 果酒: 과 주

① refined rice wine, s[[trained sake ② clear grain or potato-based spirit, soju ③ fruit wine ④ distilled spirit

A pictogram depicting a 'jar (酉)' carrying liquor, meaning 'alcohol', with 'water (氵)' being added later when '酉' came to stand for 'rooster' as the tenth sign in the Chinese Zodiac (十二支).

738: 醫

doctor, medicine

C J K

医医醫

yī い (i) 의 /ɜɪ/

匸 7

酉 18

① 医院: yī yuàn ② 医師: いし ② 醫師: 의 사

② 医师: yī shī ③ 医薬: いやく ③ 醫藥: 의약

③ 医药: yī yào ④ 医療: いりょう ④ 醫療: 의료

① hospital ② doctor, physician ③ medicine, dispensary ④ medical treatment, medical care

A compound ideogram combining 'embedded arrow (医)', 'tool (殳)', and 'alcohol (酉)', originally meaning to disinfect and remove the pierced arrow with an implement, coming to mean 'doctor'.

739: 里

village, place

C J K

里里里

lǐ り (ri)/さと (sato) 리 /rɪ/

里 7

① 里边: lǐbian - -

② 公里: gōng lǐ ③ 里子: さとご -

- ④ 里親: さとおや ⑤ 萬里: 만리

① inside, within ② kilometer ③ foster child ④ foster parent ⑤ 10,000 lis, long distance

A compound ideogram combining 'field (田)' with 'earth (土)', meaning that an area of cultivated land is a 'village'. Also a measure of distance where 1 里 is equivalent to 392.727 meters or 429.491 yards.

740: 重

heavy, weight

C J K

重重重

zhòng じゅう (juu) 중 /dʒuŋ/

里 9

① 重要: zhòngyào ① 重要: じゅうよう ① 重要: 중요

② 重心: zhòngxīn ② 重心: じゅうしん ② 重心: 중 심

③ 重罚: zhòngfá ③ 重罰: じゅうばつ ③ 重罰: 중 벌

① important, major ② center of gravity ③ heavy penalty, severe punishment

A phono-semantic compound between the semantic 'stem (壬→千)' and the phonetic 'east (東→里)', originally meaning 'depth of the soil', later coming to mean 'heavy'.

741: 野

wilderness, wild

C J K

野野野

yě や (ya) 야 /yʌ/

里 11

① 野心: yě xīn ① 野心: やしん ① 野心: 야심

② 野生: yě shēng ② 野生: やせい ② 野生: 야생

③ 野党: yě dǎng ③ 野党: やとう ③ 野黨: 야당

① ambition, aspiration ② wild, undomesticated ③ opposition party, minority party

Originally a pictogram depicting a person appreciating the sight of trees, meaning 'serenity of landscape' or of such a place, later becoming a phono-semantic compound between 'village (里)' and 'give (予)', meaning 'wilderness' or 'wild'.

742: 量

measure, quantity, capacity, volume

C J K

量量量

liàng りょう (ryou) 량/양 /ryʌŋ//yʌŋ/

里 12

① 重量: zhòngliàng ① 重量: じゅうりょう ① 重量: 중량

② 容量: róngliàng ② 容量: ようりょう ② 容量: 용량

③ 用量: yòng liàng ③ 用量: ようりょう ③ 用量: 용량

① weight ② capacity, volume ③ dosage

A compound ideogram combining 'good (良→旦)' with 'heavy (重→里)', originally meaning 'measuring tool', later coming to mean 'count' or 'measure'.

743: 金

gold, metal

C J K

金金金

jīn きん (kin) 금/김 /ɡʊm//ɡɪm/

金 8

① 金属: jīnshǔ ① 金属: きんぞく ① 金屬: 금 속

② 金融: jīnróng ② 金融: きんゆう ② 金融: 금융

③ 金星: jīn xīng ③ 金星: きんぼし ③ 金星: 금 성

① metal ② finance, financing ③ the planet Venus

A phono-semantic compound between the phonetic 'now (今)' and the semantic 'earth (土)' in addition to two dots representing 'nuggets (丷)', originally referring largely to copper or 'bronze (銅)', then to all metals before coming to specifically reference 'gold'.

744: 針

needle, pin, acupuncture

C J K

针針針

zhēn しん (shin) 침 /tʃ ɪm/

钅 7

釒 10

① 针灸: zhēn jiǔ ① 針灸: しんきゅう ① 鍼灸: 침 구

② 针叶树: zhēn yè shù ② 針葉樹: しんようじゅ ② 針葉樹: 침엽수

③ 方针: fāngzhēn ③ 方針: ほうしん ③ 方針: 방 침

① acupuncture ② conifer, coniferous tree ③ plan, policy, guideline, line of approach

A phono-semantic compound combining the semantic 'metal (釒)' and the phonetic 'ten (十)', specifically meaning 'pin' or 'needle' as opposed to the 'medical arts (鍼)' from which '針' derives.

745: 銀

silver, money, wealth

C J K

银銀銀

yín ぎん (gin) 은 /ʊn/

钅 11

釒 14

① 银行: yínháng ① 銀行: ぎんこう ① 銀行: 은행

② 银币: yínbì ② 銀貨: ぎんか ② 銀貨: 은화

③ 银河: yínhé ③ 銀河: ぎんが ④ 銀丹: 은단

① bank ② silver coin ③ Milky Way, galaxy ④ silver-coated mints

A phono-semantic compound between the semantic 'metal (釒)' and the phonetic 'stop (艮)', meaning 'silver' or another metal that can be compared with gold or platinum, with '艮' having the connotation of 'compare'.

746: 錢

money, currency, coin, cash

C J K

钱銭錢

qián せん (sen) 전 /dʒ ən/

钅 10

釒 14

釒 16

① 金钱: jīn qián ① 金銭: きんせん ① 金錢: 금 전

② 铜钱: tóngqián ② 銅銭: どうせん ② 銅錢: 동 전

③ 换钱: huàn qián ④ 小銭: こぜに ③ 換錢: 환 전

① money, cash, monetary ② copper coin ③ money change, foreign exchange ④ small change, coins

A phono-semantic compound combining the semantic 'metal (釒)' with the phonetic 'little (戔)', meaning 'money' is small bits of cut metal.

747: 鐘

bell, clock

C J K

钟鐘鐘

zhōng しょう (shou) 종 /dʒ ɔ ŋ/

钅 9

釒 20

① 钟楼: zhōnglóu ① 鐘楼: しょうろう ① 鍾樓: 종루

② 钟头: zhōng tóu - -

③ 钟表: zhōng biǎo ④ 警鐘: けいしょう ④ 警鍾: 경 종

① bell tower, clock tower, belfry ② hour ③ time piece ④ alarm, fire bell

A phono-semantic compound between the semantic 'metal (釒)' and the phonetic 'child (童)', an onomatopoeia of a ringing bell, meaning 'bell' or 'clock'.

748: 鐵

iron, strong, solid, firm

C J K

铁鉄鐵

tiě てつ (tetsu) 철 /tʃ əl/

钅 10

釒 13

釒 21

① 钢铁: gāngtiě ① 鋼鉄: こうてつ ① 鋼鐵: 강철

② 铁板: tiě bǎn ② 鉄板: てっぱん ② 鐵板: 철판

③ 铁道: tiě dào ③ 鉄道: てつどう ③ 鐵道: 철도

① steel ② iron plate, sheet iron ③ railroad, railway

A phono-semantic compound combining the semantic 'metal (釒)' with the phonetic 'sharp (from 大 to 土 on top left of 戜)', meaning 'dark metal' that is plentiful on earth and secured with facility.

749: 長

long, length, strong

C J K

长長長

zhǎng / cháng ちょう (chou) 장 /dʒʌŋ/

长 4

長 8

① 长短: chángduǎn ① 長短: ちょうたん ① 長短: 장 단

② 长男: zhǎngnán ② 長男: ちょうなん ② 長男: 장남

③ 长袍: chángpáo ③ 長袍: ちょうほう ④ 長丞: 장 승

① length ② eldest son ③ chang-pao, long garment for men in China ④ totem pole

A pictogram depicting a long-queued man with a cane, originally meaning 'elder', later coming to mean 'lengthy' or 'long'.

750: 門

door, gate, entrance

C J K

门門門

mén もん (mon) 문 /mun/

门 3

門 8

① 正门: zhèngmén ① 正門: せいもん ① 正門: 정 문

② 后门: hòumén ② 後門: こうもん ② 後門: 후 문

③ 肛门: gāngmén ③ 肛門: こうもん ③ 肛門: 항 문

① front door, main gate ② back door, postern ③ anus, fundament

A pictogram depicting a door, adopting the current form during the Regular Script period, meaning 'door' or 'gate'.

751: 閉

shut, close

C J K

闭閉閉

bì へい (hei) 폐 /pe/

门 6

門 11

① 闭幕: bì mù ① 閉幕: へいまく ① 閉幕: 폐막

② 关闭: guān bì ② 閉門: へいもん ② 閉門: 폐 문

③ 倒闭: dǎobì ③ 閉店: へいてん ③ 閉店: 폐 점

① close, lowering the curtain ② close shutter, close gate ③ business shutdown

A compound ideogram combining 'door (門)' with 'talent (才)', but originally meaning 'lock' with a depiction of a door with a crossbar or door beam resembling '丰', coming to mean 'close' or 'shut'.

752: 開

open, start

C J K

开開開

kāi かい (kai) 개 /ɡe/

干 4

門 12

① 开放: kāifàng ① 開放: かいほう ① 開放: 개 방

② 召开: zhào kāi ② 開催: かいさい ② 開催: 개 최

③ 开辟: kāipì ③ 開闢: かいびゃく ③ 開闢: 개벽

① open, liberalization ② host, hold, organize ③ create anew, philosophical beginning

A compound ideogram combining 'door (門)' with 'flat (开)', meaning 'open' the door by lifting the 'beam ([]一)' with 'two hands (廾)'.

753: 閑

idle, leisure, barrier

C J K

闲閑閑

xián かん (kan) 한 /hʌn/

门 7

門 12

① 闲暇: xián xiá - ① 閑暇: 한 가

② 闲散: xiánsǎn ② 閑散: かんさん ② 閑散: 한 산

③ 闲静: xián jìng ③ 閑静: かんせい -

① leisure, spare time ② slack, inactive, dull ③ quiet, serene

A compound ideogram combining 'door (門)' with 'tree (木)', referring to a door sill make of wood and meaning 'block', later coming to mean 'spare time' or 'idle'.

754: 間

midpoint, in between

C J K

间間間

jiān かん (kan) 간 /ɡʌn/

门 7

門 12

① 间或: jiàn huò ② 間接: かんせつ ① 間或: 간혹

② 间接: jiàn jiē ③ 間諜: かんちょう ② 間接: 간접

③ 间谍: jiàndié ④ 間食: かんしょく ③ 間諜: 간첩

① occasionally, now & then ② indirect, second-hand ③ spy, secret agent ④ snack, light meal

A compound ideogram combining 'door (門)' with 'sun (日)', meaning 'in between' or 'midpoint', but originally combined with door and 'moon (月)' to mean 'seeping moon light'.

755: 關

close, pass, relation

C J K

关関關

guān かん (kan) 관 /ɡɒʌn/

丷 6

門 14

門 19

① 关心: guān xīn ① 関心: かんしん ① 關心: 관 심

② 关系: guān xì ② 関係: かんけい ② 關係: 관 계

③ 关税: guānshuì ③ 関税: かんぜい ③ 關稅: 관 세

① interest, care, concern ② relation, bearing, connection ③ customs, duty, tariff

A phono-semantic compound between the semantic 'door (門)' and the phonetic 'stringing a drum (絲)', originally meaning 'bolt to lock the door' like when stringing a drum, later coming to mean 'close' or 'shut'.

756: 防

defend, prevent

C J K

防防防

fáng ぼう (bou) 방 /bʌŋ/

阝 7

① 防止: fáng zhǐ ① 防止: ぼうし ① 防止: 방 지

② 防御: fáng yù ② 防御: ぼうぎょ ② 防禦: 방 어

③ 防水: fáng shuǐ ③ 防水: ぼうすい ③ 防水: 방 수

① prevent, check ② defend, block ③ water proof, watertight

A phono-semantic compound combining the semantic 'hill (阜→⻖)' with the phonetic 'direction (方)', meaning 'defend' against higher plane water flowing to an underlying area with a dike or levee or 'prevent' water over the dam.

757: 降

descend, fall, drop lower, down

C J K

降降降

jiàng / xiáng こう (kou) / ふ (hu) 강/항 /ɡʌŋ//hʌ ŋ/

阝 8

① 降水: jiàng shuǐ ① 降水: こうすい ① 降水: 강 수

② 降临: jiàng lín ② 降る: ふる ② 降临: 강림

③ 投降: tóu xiáng ③ 降伏: こうふく ③ 降服: 항 복

① rainfall, precipitation ② befall, precipitate ③ surrender, capitulation

A phono-semantic compound between the semantic 'hill (阝)' and the phonetic 'come down (夅)', meaning 'descend' from a hill or slope.

758: 限

boundary, limit, line

C J K

限限限

xiàn げん (gen) 한 /hʌn/

阝 9

① 限界: xiàn jiè ① 限界: げんかい ① 限界: 한 계

② 制限: zhì xiàn ② 制限: せいげん ② 制限: 제 한

③ 无限: wú xiàn ③ 無限: むげん ③ 無限: 무 한

① limit, boundary ② restrict, curb ③ boundless, infinite, unrestricted

A phono-semantic compound between the semantic 'hill (阝)' and the phonetic 'end (艮)', originally meaning 'obstructed' or 'clogged up', later coming to mean 'limit' or 'boundary'.

759: 除

lessen, reduce, divide

C J K

除除除

chú じょ (jo) 제 /dʒe/

阝 9

① 除外: chú wài ① 除外: じょがい ① 除外:제 외

② 除掉: chú diào ② 除去: じょきょ ② 除去: 제 거

③ 免除: miǎn chú ③ 免除: めんじょ ③ 免除: 면 제

① exception, exclusion ② remove, get rid of ③ exemption, excused, clear

A phono-semantic compound between the semantic 'hill (阝)' and the phonetic 'slowly (徐→余)', originally meaning 'royal palace stairwell', later coming to mean 'lessen' or 'divide'.

760: 陰

shade, dark, female principle

C J K

阴陰陰

yīn いん (in) 음 /ʊm/

阝 6

阝 10

① 阴性: yīnxìng ① 陰性: いんせい ① 陰性: 음성

② 阴历: yīnlì ② 陰暦: いんれき ② 陰曆: 음력

③ 阴谋: yīnmóu ③ 陰謀: いんぼう ③ 陰謀: 음모

① negativity, female principle ② lunar calendar ③ plot, conspire

A phono-semantic compound combining the semantic 'hill (阝)' with the phonetic and semantic 'now (今)' and 'cloud (雲→云)', meaning the clouds have blocked the sunlight to cast a 'shade'.

761: 陸

land

C J K

陆陸陸

liù / lù りく (riku) 륙/육 /ryuɡ//yuɡ/

阝 8

阝 10

① 陆地: lùdì ① 陸上: りくじょう ① 陸地: 육지

② 陆军: lùjūn ② 陸軍: りくぐん ② 陸軍: 육군

③ 大陆: dàlù ③ 大陸: たいりく ③ 大陸: 대륙

① land, ground ② army, land forces ③ continent

A phono-semantic compound combining the semantic 'hill (阝)' with the phonetic 'mound (坴)', meaning an elevated and flat 'land'.

762: 陽

light, sun, male principle

C J K

阳陽陽

yáng よう (you) 양 /yʌŋ/

阝 6

阝 11

① 阳性: yángxìng ① 陽性: ようせい ① 陽性: 양성

② 阳历: yánglì ② 陽曆: ようれき ② 陽曆: 양력

③ 阳气: yángqì ③ 陽気: ようき ③ 陽氣: 양기

① positivity, male principle ② solar calendar, Gregorian calendar ③ vitality, energy

A phono-semantic compound between the semantic 'hill (阝)' and the phonetic 'sunshine (昜)', meaning the 'bright' spot is atop the hill where the sun shines bright.

763: 雄

male, chief

C J K

雄雄雄

xióng ゆう (yuu) 웅 /uŋ/

隹 12

① 雄心: xióngxīn ① 雄志: ゆうし ① 雄志: 웅지

② 雄辩: xióngbiàn ② 雄弁: ゆうべん ② 雄辯: 웅변

③ 英雄: yīngxióng ③ 英雄: えいゆう ③ 英雄: 영웅

① ambition, spirit ② eloquence, gift of gab ③ hero, heroine

A phono-semantic compound combining the semantic 'bird (隹)' with the phonetic 'forearm (肱→厷)', meaning (a) strong 'male(s)' lead or to lead 'female(s)'.

764: 集

assemble, collect, together

C J K

集集集

jí しゅう (shuu) 집 /dʒ ɪb/

隹 12

① 集会: jí huì ① 集会: しゅうかい ① 集會: 집회

② 集团: jí tuán ② 集団: しゅうだん ② 集團: 집단

③ 集中: jí zhōng ③ 集中: しゅうちゅう ③ 集中: 집중

① meeting, assembly, congregation ② group, organization, crowd, mass ③ concentration, focus, convergence

A compound ideogram combining 'bird (隹)' with 'tree (木)', meaning 'assemble' or 'gather' as birds flock en masse on a tree. Condensed from '雧', which has three '隹'.

765: 難

difficult, hard

C J K

难難難

nán なん (nan) 난 /nʌn/

隹 10

隹 18

隹 19

① 难关: nánguān ① 難関: なんかん ① 難關: 난관

② 困难: kùnnan ② 困難: こんなん ② 困難: 곤란

③ 灾难: zāinàn ③ 災難: さいなん ③ 災難: 재난

① barrier, obstacle, trouble ② difficulty, trouble, distress ③ disaster, calamity

A phono-semantic compound between the phonetic 'lamentation (暵→堇)' and the semantic 'bird (隹)' originally meaning a 'bird with golden wings', later coming to mean 'hard' or 'difficult'.

766: 雨

rain

C J K

雨雨雨

yǔ う (u)/あま-(ama-) 우 /u/

雨 8

① 雨季: yǔ jì ① 雨期: うき ① 雨期: 우 기

② 雨衣: yǔ yī ② 雨具: あまぐ ② 雨備: 우 비

③ 暴雨: bào yǔ ③ 豪雨: ごうう ④ 雨雹: 우 박

① rainy season, wet season ② raincoat, rain gear ③ rainstorm ④ hailstone

A pictogram from oracle bone inscriptions depicting rain drops falling from clouds overhead, adopting the current form during the Regular Script period, meaning 'rain'.

767: 雪

snow

C J K

雪雪雪

xuě せつ (setsu) 설 /səl/

⻗ 11

① 雪景: xuě jǐng ① 雪景: せっけい ① 雪景: 설경

② 雪耻: xuéchǐ ② 雪辱: せつじょく ② 雪辱: 설욕

③ 雪糖: xuě táng ④ 雪崩: なだれ ③ 雪糖: 설탕

① snowy landscape ② revenge, vindication, avenge ③ sugar ④ avalanche

Originally a pictogram depicting falling snow in the form of falling feathers, later turning into a compound ideogram meaning 'snow' is 'rain (雨)' that can be received with the 'hand (又→⺕)'.

768: 雲

clouds

C J K

云雲雲

yún うん (un) 운 /un/

二 4

⻗ 12

① 云集: yúnjí ① 雲集: うんしゅう ① 雲集: 운집

② 云雾: yúnwù ② 雲霧: うんむ ② 雲霧: 운무

③ 云彩: yúncai ④ 風雲: ふううん ④ 風雲: 풍운

① crowd, throng, converge ② clouds ③ mist ④ winds & clouds, state of affairs

Originally a pictogram where 云 meant clouds, but when it came to mean 'reach' or 'arrive', 'rain (⻗)' was added to make it a phono-semantic compound to stand in for 'clouds'.

769: 電

electricity, lighting

C J K

电電電

diàn でん (den) 전 /dʒ ən/

田 5

⻗ 13

① 电气: diàn qì ① 電気: でんき ① 電氣: 전 기

② 电话: diàn huà ② 電話: でんわ ② 電話: 전 화

③ 电子: diàn zǐ ③ 電子: でんし ③ 電子: 전 자

① electricity ② telephone ③ electron, electronic

Originally a pictogram depicting a thunderbolt striking in between plumes of cloud, but when '申' came to take on other meanings (i.e., monkey sign), 'rain (⻗)' was added for 'lightening', and extended later to mean 'electricity'.

770: 露

dew, exposed

C J K

露露露

lù ろ (ro) 로/노 /rɔ//nɔ/

⻗ 21

① 露出: lùchū ① 露出: ろしゅつ ① 露出: 노출

② 露骨: lùgǔ ② 露骨: ろこつ ② 露骨: 노 골

③ 露天: lùtiān ③ 露天: ろてん ③ 露天: 노 천

① bare, uncovered, exposure ② candid, frank, undisguised ③ open air, in the open

A phono-semantic compound combining the semantic 'rain (⻗)' with the phonetic 'road (路)', meaning 'dew' with reference to the dewdrops collecting on street side vegetation from the rising vapor from the road after sundown. Also means 'exposed' or 'uncovered'.

771: 青

cyan, bluish-green

C J K

青青青

qīng せい (sei) 청 /tʃ ə ŋ/

青 8

① 青瓷: qīngcí ① 青磁: せいじ ① 靑瓷: 청자

② 青春: qīngchūn ② 青春: せいしゅん ② 靑春: 청춘

③ 青铜: qīngtóng ③ 青銅: せいどう ③ 靑銅: 청동

① celadon porcelain, blue china ② spring time of life, youth, adolescent ③ bronze

Various etymology. Either a phono-semantic compound or a compound ideogram combining 'life (生→龶)' and 'red (丹→月)', meaning 'cyan', the color, with reference specifically to the blue-colored rocks.

772: 靜

silent, quiet, still

C J K

静静靜

jìng せい (sei) 정 /dʒ ə ŋ/

青 14

靑 16

① 平静: píng jìng ① 平静: へいせい ① 平靜: 평 정

② 镇静: zhèn jìng ② 鎮静: ちんせい ② 鎭靜: 진 정

③ 冷静: lěngjìng ③ 冷静: れいせい ③ 冷靜: 냉정

① calm, tranquility, serenity ② soothe, allay, quell ③ cool, cool-headed, composure

A phono-semantic compound between the phonetic 'cyan (青)' and the semantic 'quarrel (爭)', originally meaning 'enlightened', later coming to mean 'silent'.

773: 非

not, non, un-

C J K

非非非

fēi ひ (hi) 비 /bɪ/

非 8

① 非常: fēicháng ② 非常: ひじょう ② 非常: 비 상

③ 非難: fēinàn ③ 非難: ひなん ③ 非難: 비난

④ 非洲: fēizhōu ⑤ 非理: ひり ⑤ 非理: 비 리

① very, exceptional ② contingency, emergency ③ criticism, reproach ④ Africa ⑤ corruption, irregularity

A pictogram depicting the wings of a bird, at first meaning 'prevent', referring to the birds from flying away, then 'different' referring to the left and right side wings, then finally as an infinitive 'not' or 'non'.

774: 面

face, surface, noodles

C J K

面面面

miàn めん (men) 면 /my ən/

面 9

① 面积: miàn jī ① 面積: めんせき ① 面積: 면적

② 面包: miàn bāo ④ 面接: めんせつ ④ 面接: 면접

③ 面条: miàn tiáo ⑤ 面目: めんぼく ⑤ 面目: 면 목

① surface area ② bread ③ noodles ④ interview ⑤ face, honor, reputation

A pictogram originally depicting a mask, later coming to mean 'face'.

775: 革

leather, hides

C J K

革革革

gé かく (kaku) 혁 /hyəɡ/

革 9

① 革新: gé xīn ① 革新: かくしん ① 革新: 혁 신

② 革命: gé mìng ② 革命: かくめい ② 革命: 혁 명

③ 皮革: pí gé ③ 皮革: ひかく ③ 皮革: 피 혁

① innovation, reform ② revolution, coup d'état ③ leather, skin, tan

A pictogram originally depicting two hands on either side fleecing or otherwise skinning an animal, meaning 'leather'. Also the 49th Hexagram of the 'Changes of Zhou 周易', more commonly known as the 'I Ching 易經'.

776: 韓

South Korea, ROK

C J K

韩韓韓

hán かん (kan) 한 /hʌn/

⻙ 12

韋 17

① 韩国: hán guó ① 韓国: かんこく ① 韓國: 한 국

② 韩流: hánliú ② 韓流: かんりゅう ② 韓流: 한 류

① South Korea, ROK ② Korean wave

A phono-semantic compound between the semantic 'dawn (倝→𠦝)' and the phonetic 'encircle (韋)', meaning 'Korea', the surrounding lands of the first eastern sunrise.

777: 音

sound, voice

C J K

音音音

yīn おん (on) 음 /ʊm/

音 9

① 元音: yuán yīn ① 母音: ぼいん ① 母音: 모음

② 口音: kǒu yīn ② 音声: おんせい ② 音聲: 음성

③ 音乐: yīnyuè ③ 音楽: おんがく ③ 音樂: 음악

① vowel, (consonant: 辅音/子音/子音) ② voice, sound ③ music

A simple ideogram that originally added one additional horizontal stroke '[]一' to 'speech 言', to mean the 'sound' of speech.

778: 頂

top, peak, head, vertex

C J K

顶頂頂

dǐng ちょう (chou) 정 /dʒ ə ŋ/

页 8

頁 11

① 顶上: dǐngshàng ① 頂上: ちょうじょう ① 頂上: 정 상

② 顶点: dǐngdiǎn ② 頂点: ちょうてん ② 頂點: 정 점

③ 绝顶: juédǐng ③ 絶頂: ぜっちょう ③ 絶頂: 절 정

① top, peak, summit ② the top, the peak, the summit ③ zenith, acme, climax

A phono-semantic compound combining the phonetic 'nail (釘→丁)' and the semantic 'head (顁→頁)', meaning 'vertex' or 'crown of the head' with reference to the pate being at the top.

779: 順

obedience, submission

C J K

顺順順

shùn じゅん (jun) 순 /sun/

页 9

頁 12

① 顺序: shùnxù ① 順序: じゅんじょ ① 順序: 순 서

② 顺从: shùncóng ③ 順調: じゅんちょう ② 順從: 순 종

③ 顺当: shùndang ④ 順位: じゅんい ④ 順位: 순 위

① sequence, order ② obedience, submission ③ going well, favorable, smooth ④ order, rank, standing

A phono-semantic compound combining the phonetic 'stream (川)' with the semantic 'head (頁)', meaning the Seven E[[motions]] (see 七) appear as naturally on the face as water flows in the brook.

780: 須

beard, must, necessary

C J K

须須須

xū しゅ (shu) / す (su) 수 /su/

页 9

頁 12

① 须知: xūzhī - -

② 胡须: hú xū - -

③ 必须: bì xū ③ 必須: ひっす ③ 必須: 필 수

① essentials ② beard, mustache ③ must, requirement, necessary

Originally a pictogram depicting facial hair, developing later into a compound ideogram combining 'hair (彡)' with 'head (頁)', meaning 'beard', but also 'must' or 'necessary'.

781: 領

lead, guide, command

C J K

领領領

lǐng りょう (ryou) 영/령 /yə ŋ//ryə ŋ/

页 11

頁 14

① 领域: lǐngyù ① 領域: りょういき ① 領域: 영 역

② 领事: lǐngshì ② 領事: りょうじ ② 領事: 영 사

③ 领取: lǐngqǔ ③ 領収: りょうしゅう ③ 領收: 영 수

① area, field, territory, domain ② consul, consular ③ receive, receipt, in hand

A phono-semantic compound between the phonetic 'allow (令)' and the semantic 'head (頁)', originally meaning 'neck', later coming to mean 'lead' or 'command'.

782: 頭

head, top

C J K

头頭頭

tóu ず (zu)/とう (tou) 두 /du/

大 5

頁 16

① 头目: tóu mù ① 頭目: とうもく ① 頭目: 두 목

② 头痛: tóutòng ② 頭痛: ずつう ② 頭痛: 두 통

③ 头发: tóufà ③ 頭髪: とうはつ ③ 頭髮: 두 발

① boss, leader ② headache ③ hair on head

A phono-semantic compound combining the phonetic 'chalice (豆)' and the semantic 'head (頁)', meaning 'head' or 'top'.

783: 題

title, headline

C J K

题題題

tí だい (dai) 제 /dʒe/

页 15

頁 18

① 题目: tí mù ① 題名: だいめい ① 題目: 제 목

② 题材: tícái ② 題材: だいざい ② 題材: 제 재

③ 主题: zhǔ tí ③ 主題: しゅだい ③ 主題: 주 제

① title ② theme ③ subject, motif

A compound ideogram between 'correct (是)' and 'head (頁)', originally meaning 'forehead', later coming to mean 'title' or 'headline'.

784: 願

hope, desire, wish

C J K

愿願願

yuàn がん (gan) 원 /uən/

心 14

頁 19

① 愿望: yuànwàng ① 願望: がんぼう ① 願望: 원 망

② 愿书: yuànshū ② 願書: がんしょ ② 願書: 원 서

③ 愿意: yuànyì ④ 哀願: あいがん ④ 哀願: 애원

① wish, desire ② written petition, application form ③ hope, wish ④ entreaty, supplication

A phono-semantic compound combining the phonetic 'source (原)' and the semantic 'head (頁)', meaning beseech atop an elevated mound for one's 'hopes' and 'dreams'.

785: 風

wind, gale

C J K

风風風

fēng ふう (fuu) 풍 /puŋ/

风 4

風 9

① 台风: tái fēng ① 台風: たいふう ① 颱風: 태풍

② 风水: fēng shuǐ ② 風水: ふうすい ② 風水: 풍 수

③ 麻风: má fēng ④ 風船: ふうせん ③ 中風: 중 풍

① typhoon, hurricane ② Feng Shui, geomancy ③ leprosy ④ balloon ⑤ palsy, paralysis

A phono-semantic compound between the phonetic 'all (几→凡)' and the semantic 'insect (䖝)', meaning insects abound when the 'wind' blows.

786: 飛

fly, flight

C J K

飞飛飛

fēi ひ (hi) 비 /bɪ/

飞 3

飛 9

① 飞行: fēixíng ① 飛行: ひこう ① 飛行: 비 행

② 飞翔: fēixiáng ② 飛翔: ひしょう ② 飛翔: 비 상

③ 飞跃: fēiyuè ③ 飛躍: ひやく ③ 飛躍: 비약

① fly, aviation ② soar, hover ③ leap, jump

A pictogram originally more closely resembling a bird in flight, adopting the current form during the Regular Script period, meaning 'fly'.

787: 食

eat, food, meal

C J K

食食食

shí しょく (shoku) 식 /sɪɡ/

食 9

① 食堂: shí táng ② 食堂: しょくどう ② 食堂: 식 당

③ 食盐: shí yán ③ 食塩: しょくえん ③ 食鹽: 식 염

④ 食道: shí dào ④ 食道: しょくどう ④ 食道: 식 도

① canteen, dining hall ② restaurant ③ table salt ④ gullet, esophagus

A pictogram depicting a full bowl of rice with accompanying cover lid, meaning 'food' or 'eat'.

788: 飯

cooked rice, food, meal

C J K

饭飯飯

fàn はん (han) 반 /bʌn/

⻠ 7

飠 12

飠 13

① 饭馆: fànguǎn - -

② 晚饭: wǎnfàn ② 夕飯: ゆうはん ③ 飯店: 반 점

④ 饭碗: fànwǎn ⑤ 米飯: べいはん ⑤ 白飯: 백반

① restaurant ② dinner, supper ③ Chinese restaurant ④ rice bowl, job ⑤ cooked rice

A phono-semantic compound combining the semantic 'food (飠)' and the phonetic 'return (返→反)', originally meaning 'chew' or 'eat', later coming to mean 'cooked rice'.

789: 飲

drink

C J K

饮飲飮

yǐn いん (in) 음 /ʊm/

⻠ 7 飠 12 飠 13

① 饮食: yǐnshí ① 飲食: いんしょく ① 飮食: 음식

② 饮酒: yǐnjiǔ ② 飲酒: いんしゅ ② 飮酒: 음주

③ 饮料: yǐnliào ③ 飲料: いんりょう ③ 飮料: 음료

① food & drink, diet ② alcoholic drink, booze ③ non-alcoholic beverage, drink

A compound ideogram originally combined with digestive 'bitters (酓)' with 'yawn (欠)', meaning the mouth opens wide to 'drink'. During the Regular Script period, '㱃' was changed to 'food (飠)' and 'yawn (欠)'.

790: 養

raise, rear, develop

C J K

养養養

yǎng よう (you) 양 /yʌŋ/

丷 9

食 15

① 养成: yǎng c[[héng]] ① 養成: ようせい ① 養成: 양성

② 养育: yǎng yù ② 養育: よういく ② 養育: 양육

③ 养子: yǎng zǐ ③ 養子: ようし ③ 養子: 양자

① train, develop ② rear, foster ③ adopted child, foster child

A phono-semantic compound between the phonetic 'sheep (羊→𦍌)' and the semantic 'food (食)', meaning 'raise' or 'rear' children, so they may be gentle and pious toward their parents.

791: 餘

surplus, excess, remainder

C J K

余 (馀) 余餘

yú よ (yo) 여 /yə/

人 7

⻞ 15

① 余裕: yú yù ① 余裕: よゆう ① 餘裕: 여 유

② 余力: yú lì ② 余力: よりょく ② 餘力: 여 력

③ 余暇: yú xiá ③ 余暇: よか ③ 餘波: 여 파

① surplus, margin, rope, leisure ② spare (energy, time, money) ③ aftermath, aftereffects

A phono-semantic compound combining the semantic 'food (飠)' with the phonetic 'me (余)', originally meaning 'eat till full', later coming to mean 'remainder' or 'surplus'.

792: 首

head, leader

C J K

首首首

shǒu しゅ (shu) 수 /su/

首 9

① 首都: shǒudū ① 首都: しゅと ① 首都: 수 도

② 首相: shǒu xiàng ② 首相: しゅしょう ② 首相: 수 상

③ 首席: shǒu xí ③ 首席: しゅせき ③ 首席: 수석

① capital city ② chancellor, premier, prime minister ③ chief, head, top

A pictogram depicting a human head with face and hair, adopting the current form during the Regular Script period, meaning 'head' or 'leader'.

793: 香

fragrance, aroma, incense

C J K

香香香

xiāng こう (kou) 향 /hyʌŋ/

香 9

① 香港: xiāng gǎng ① 香港: ホンコン ① 香港: 홍콩

② 香料: xiāng liào ② 香料: こうりょう ② 香料: 향료

③ 香烟: xiāng yān ④ 香気: こうき ⑤ 香水: 향 수

① Hong Kong ② herbs, spices ③ incense smoke, cigarette ④ fragrance, aroma ⑤ perfume

A compound ideogram combining 'rice stalk (禾)' with 'sweet (甘→日)', meaning 'fragrance' or 'aroma'.

794: 馬

horse

C J K

马馬馬

mǎ ば (ba) 마 /mʌ/

⻢ 3

馬 10

① 马车: mǎchē ① 馬車: ばしゃ ① 馬車: 마 차

② 马上: mǎshàng ③ 出馬: しゅつば ③ 出馬: 출마

④ 赛马: sàimǎ ④ 競馬: けいば ④ 競馬: 경 마

① horse-drawn carriage, coach ② right away, promptly ③ run for public office ④ horse racing

A pictogram depicting a horse with emphasis on the long neck and head with mane, meaning 'horse'.

795: 驚

frighten, surprise, startle

C J K

惊驚驚

jīng きょう (kyou) 경 /ɡyə ŋ/

忄 11

馬 22

① 惊异: jīng yì ① 驚異: きょうい ① 驚異: 경 이

② 惊叹: jīng tàn ② 驚嘆: きょうたん ② 驚嘆: 경탄

③ 惊悸: jīng jì ③ 驚悸: きょうき ③ 驚悸: 경 계

① surprised, amazed, astonished ② wonder, marvel ③ shake with fright, palpitate in fear

A phono-semantic compound between the phonetic 'respect (敬)' and the semantic 'horse (馬)', meaning a horse can be 'startled' or 'frightened'.

796: 骨

bone, frame

C J K

骨骨骨

gū こつ (kotsu) 골 /ɡɔl/

骨 9

骨 10

① 骨架: gǔ jià ① 骨格: こっかく ① 骨格: 골 격

② 甲骨文: jiǎ gǔ wén ② 甲骨文: こうこつぶん ② 甲骨文: 갑골 문

③ 骨髓: gǔsuǐ ③ 骨髄: こつずい ③ 骨髓: 골 수

① skeleton, frame, build, physique ② oracle bone (script) ③ bone marrow, medulla, true spirit, one's heart

A compound ideogram combining 'remove flesh from bone (冎)' and 'flesh (⺼)', meaning 'bone', but originally a pictogram depicting '冎' only, meaning 'cartilage' or 'joint'.

797: 體

body, group, form

C J K

体体體

tī たい (tai) 체 /tʃe/

亻 7

骨 22

① 体力: tǐlì ① 体力: たいりょく ① 體力: 체력

② 体制: tǐzhì ② 体制: たいせい ② 體制: 체제

③ 媒体: méitǐ ④ 体重: たいじゅう ⑤ 體面: 체면

① strength, stamina ② system, structure, order ③ press, media ④ body weight ⑤ dignity, face

A phono-semantic compound between the semantic 'bone (骨)' and the phonetic 'raise (豊)', meaning the entire 'body' of flesh and bone.

798: 高

high, tall, elevated

C J K

高高高

gāo こう (kou) 고 /ɡɔ/

高 10

① 高等: gāoděng ① 高等: こうとう ① 高等: 고등

② 高价: gāojià ② 高価: こうか ② 高價: 고 가

③ 高兴: gāoxìng ④ 高卒: こうそつ ④ 高卒: 고졸

① high grade, advanced ② high price, heavy price ③ happy ④ high-school graduate

A pictogram originally depicting an elevated cave with added roof and staircase, meaning 'high' or 'tall', adopting the current form during the Regular Script period. Also interpreted as a two-story building. Sometimes still written as '髙'.

799: 魚

fish

C J K

鱼魚魚

yú ぎょ (gyo) 어 /ə/

⻥ 8

魚 11

① 鱼类: yúlèi ① 魚類: ぎょるい ① 魚類: 어 류

② 鱼肉: yúròu ② 魚肉: ぎょにく ② 魚肉: 어육

③ 鲤鱼: lǐ yú ③ 鯉魚: りぎょ ③ 鯉魚: 잉어

① fish, Pisces ② fish meat ③ carp, cyprinoid

A pictogram depicting a top-facing fish, adopting the current form of the character during the Regular Script period, meaning 'fish'.

800: 鮮

fresh, new, rare

C J K

鲜鮮鮮

xiān せん (sen) 선 /sən/

⻥ 14

魚 17

① 鲜明: xiān míng ① 鮮明: せんめい ① 鮮明: 선 명

② 鲜有: xiǎn yǒu ③ 鮮度: せんど ③ 鮮度: 선 도

④ 鲜美: xiān měi ④ 鮮魚: せんぎょ ④ 生鮮: 생 선

① clear, bright, vivid ② rare, uncommon ③ degree of freshness ④ fresh fish, fish

A compound ideogram combining 'fish (魚)' with 'sheep (羊)', originally meaning a name of a fish, later coming to mean 'fresh' or 'new'.

801: 鳥

bird

C J K

鸟鳥鳥

niǎo ちょう (chou) 조 /dʒ ɔ/

⻦ 5

鳥 11

① 鸟类: niǎolèi ① 鳥類: ちょうるい ① 鳥類: 조 류

② 鸟瞰: niǎokàn ② 鳥瞰: ちょうかん ② 鳥瞰: 조 감

③ 鸟巢: niǎocháo ④ 白鳥: はくちょう ④ 白鳥: 백조

① birds, fowl ② bird's eye view, overview ③ bird's nest ④ swan

A pictogram depicting a left-facing bird, adopting the current form of the character during the Regular Script period, meaning 'bird'.

802: 鳴

chirp, twitter

C J K

鸣鳴鳴

míng めい (mei) 명 /my ə ŋ/

⻦ 8

鳥 14

① 共鸣: gòngmíng ① 共鳴: きょうめい ① 共鳴: 공 명

② 耳鸣: ěrmíng ② 耳鳴: じめい ② 耳鳴: 이 명

③ 悲鸣: bēimíng ③ 悲鳴: ひめい ③ 悲鳴: 비 명

① echo, resonance, sympathy ② ear ringing, tinnitus ③ scream, shriek, lament

A compound ideogram combining 'mouth (口)' with 'bird (鳥)', meaning 'chirp' or 'tweet'.

803: 麥

wheat, barley

C J K

麦麦麥

mài ばく (baku) 맥 /meɡ/

麦 7

麥 11

① 麦芽: màiyá ① 麦芽: ばくが ① 麥芽: 맥아

② 麦酒: màijiǔ ② 麦酒: ばくしゅ ② 麥酒: 맥주

③ 大麦: dàmài ③ 大麦: おおむぎ ④ 裸麥: 나맥

① malt, wheat germ ② beer, ale ③ barley ④ rye

A compound ideogram between 'come (來)' and 'foot (夂)', meaning 'barley', since barley fields must be stomped on in early spring before the grounds thaw.

804: 黃

yellow

C J K

黄黄黃

huáng こう (kou)/き (ki) 황 /hɒʌŋ/

黄 11

黃 12

① 黄玉: huáng yù ① 黄玉: こうぎょく ① 黃玉: 황옥

② 黄金: huáng jīn ② 黄金: こがね ② 黃金: 황 금

③ 黄种: huángzhǒng ④ 黄銅: こうどう ④ 黃銅: 황 동

① topaz, yellow jade ② gold ③ Mongolian race ④ brass

A phono-semantic compound combining the phonetic 'light (炗)' and the semantic 'field (田)', originally a pictogram depicting a yellow jade or topaz-studded belt strapped around the waist of a notable, later coming to mean 'yellow'.

805: 黑

black, dark

C J K

黑黒黑

hēi くろ (kuro)/こく (koku) 흑 /hʊɡ/

黑 12

黒 11

黑 12

① 黑白: hēibái ① 黒白: くろしろ ① 黑白: 흑백

② 黑人: hēi rén ② 黒人: こくじん ② 黑人: 흑 인

③ 黑市: hēi shì ④ 黒海: こっかい ④ 黑海: 흑 해

① black & white, right & wrong ② black person ③ black market ④ Black Sea

A pictogram depicting a fire place or a furnace that has collected soot, meaning 'black'.

806: 點

mole, dot, hour

C J K

点点點

diǎn てん (ten) 점 /dʒ əm/

灬 9

黑 17

① 点数: diǎn shù ① 点数: てんすう ① 點數: 점 수

② 点检: diǎn jiǎn ② 点検: てんけん ② 點檢: 점검

③ 点心: diǎnxin ④ 点字: てんじ ⑤ 點心: 점 심

① marks, points, count ② inspection, examination ③ snack ④ Braille ⑤ lunch, déjeuner

A phono-semantic compound combining the semantic 'black (黑)' with the phonetic 'fortune-telling (占)', meaning 'mole' or 'freckle'.

807: 鼻

nose

C J K

鼻鼻鼻

bí び (bi)/はな (hana) 비 /bɪ/

鼻 14

① 鼻炎: bíyán ① 鼻炎: びえん ① 鼻炎: 비 염

② 鼻音: bíyīn ② 鼻音: びおん ② 鼻音: 비음

③ 鼻子: bízi ④ 鼻血: はなぢ ⑤ 鼻祖: 비 조

① nasal inflammation, rhinitis ② nasal sound, rhinolalia ③ nose ④ nosebleed ⑤ pioneer, early bird

Originally a pictogram depicting a wrinkled nose, meaning 'nose', but became a phono-semantic compound with the addition of the phonetic 'give (畀)' when 'nose (自)' came to mean 'I' or 'me'.

808: 齒 (190x)

tooth, teeth, cogs, age

C J K

齿歯齒

chǐ し (shi) 치 /tʃ ɪ/

⻮ 8 ⻭ 12 齒 15