chinese_character_cognates_in_korean_-

guest, traveler, customer

C J K

客客客

kè きゃく (kyaku) 객 /ɡeɡ/

宀 9

① 顾客: gù kè ① 顧客: こきゃく ① 顧客: 고 객

② 客房: kè fáng ② 客間: きゃくま ② 客室: 객 실

③ 客观: kè guān ③ 客観: きゃっかん ③ 客觀: 객 관

① customer, client ② guest room ③ objective, unbiased, disinterested

A phono-semantic compound between the semantic 'roof (宀)' and the phonetic 'individually (各)', meaning a person who depends on another's home is a 'guest'.

223: 室

room, home, chamber

C J K

室室室

shì しつ (shitsu) 실 /sɪl/

宀 9

① 教室: jiào shì ① 教室: きょうしつ ① 敎室: 교 실

② 室内: shìnèi ② 室内: しつない ② 室內: 실내

③ 办公室: bàngōng shì ③ 事務室: じむしつ ③ 事務室: 사 무 실

① classroom, lecture hall ② indoor, inside ③ office, bureau

A compound ideogram between 'roof (宀)' and 'arrive (至)', meaning that a 'room' is a place where a person stays.

224: 害

injure, harm, kill

C J K

害害害

hài がい (gai) 해 /he/

宀 10

① 损害: sǔnhài ① 損害: そんがい ① 損害: 손 해

② 被害: bèi hài ③ 被害: ひがい ③ 被害: 피 해

④ 侵害: qīn hài ④ 侵害: しんがい ④ 侵害: 침 해

① damage, injury, loss ② be killed, murdered ③ suffer injury, damage ④ infringe, violate, encroach

A phono-semantic compound between 'roof (宀)', 'carve (丰)' and 'mouth (口)', meaning that names are smeared, slandered, or otherwise verbally abused in the confines of private space.

225: 家

house, home, residence, family

C J K

家家家

jiā か (ka) 가 /ɡʌ/

宀 10

① 家庭: jiā tíng ① 家庭: かてい ① 家庭: 가 정

② 家电: jiā diàn ② 家電: かでん ② 家電: 가 전

③ 专家: zhuān jiā ③ 専門家: せんもんか ③ 專門家: 전 문 가

① immediate family, nuclear family ② consumer electronics, domestic electrical appliances ③ expert, specialist, professional, authority, pundit

A compound ideogram that combines 'roof (宀)' with 'swine (豕)', deriving the meaning of 'house' since hogs were domestically kept to fend off the pervasiveness of snakes long ago.

226: 容

face, form, hold, contain

C J K

容容容

róng よう (you) 용 /yɔ ŋ/

宀 10

① 容器: róngqì ① 容器: ようき ① 容器: 용 기

② 容量: róngliàng ② 容量: ようりょう ② 容量: 용량

③ 容恕: róngshù ③ 容赦: ようしゃ ③ 容恕: 용 서

① container, receptacle, vessel ② capacity, volume ③ forgiveness, pardon, mercy

A phono-semantic compound between the semantic 'roof (宀)' and the phonetic 'valley (谷)', originally meaning 'storage' or 'accommodate' before coming to mean 'face'.

227: 富

rich, wealthy, abundant, ample

C J K

富富富

fù ふ (fu) 부 /bu/

宀 12

① 富裕: fù yù ① 富裕: ふゆう ① 富裕: 부 유

② 富人: fù rén ② 富者: ふしゃ ② 富者: 부 자

③ 贫富: pín fù ③ 貧富: ひんぷ ③ 貧富: 빈부

① affluence, prosperous, well-off ② the rich, the wealthy, a rich person ③ rich & poor, wealth & poverty

A phono-semantic compound between the semantic 'roof (宀)' and the phonetic 'fill (畐)', originally meaning 'to the brim (滿↔满)', later coming to mean 'wealthy'.

228: 宿

rest, sleep

C J K

宿宿宿

sù しゅく (shuku) 숙/수 /suɡ//su/

宀 11

① 住宿: zhù sù ① 宿泊: しゅくはく ① 宿泊: 숙박

② 星宿: xīng sù ② 星宿: せいしゅく ② 星宿: 성 수

③ 露宿: lùsù ④ 宿題: しゅくだい ④ 宿題: 숙제

① lodging, quartering ② constellation, asterism ③ sleep outdoors ④ home work

Originally a pictogram of a person stretched over a mat under or inside an edifice, meaning 'sleep', later becoming a phono-semantic compound between 'roof (宀)' and 'morning (夙→佰)', meaning 'stop & rest' from evening to morning.

229: 密

tight, dense, thick, crammed

C J K

密密密

mì みつ (mitsu) 밀 /mɪl/

宀 11

① 秘密: mì mì ① 秘密: ひみつ ① 秘密: 비밀

② 精密: jīng mì ② 精密: せいみつ ② 精密: 정밀

③ 密集: mì jí ③ 密集: みっしゅう ③ 密集: 밀집

① secret, confidential, covert ② accurate, precise, exact ③ dense, concentrated, crowd

A phono-semantic compound between the phonetic 'relaxing (宓)' and the semantic 'mountain (山)', originally meaning three peaks at one even level, later coming to mean 'secret place'.

230: 寒

cold, chilly, wintry

C J K

寒寒寒

hán かん (kan) 한 /hʌn/

宀 12

① 寒流: hánliú ① 寒波: かんぱ ① 寒波: 한 파

② 寒冷: hánlěng ② 寒冷: かんれい ② 寒冷: 한랭

③ 寒心: hán xīn ③ 寒心: かんしん ③ 寒心: 한 심

① cold spell ② cold, bitter ③ deplorable, lamentable

A compound ideogram combining 'roof (宀)' with 'haystack (茻)', meaning 'cold', from the days when people shielded themselves from the chill under the cover of hay and grass.

231: 察

examine, survey, observe, investigate

C J K

察察察

chá さつ (satsu) 찰 /tʃʌl/

宀 14

① 警察: jǐngchá ① 警察: けいさつ ① 警察: 경찰

② 观察: guānchá ② 観察: かんさつ ② 觀察: 관찰

③ 检察: jiǎnchá ③ 検察: けんさつ ③ 檢察: 검찰

① police, law enforcement ② observe, monitor, circumspect ③ prosecution, public prosecutor's office

A phono-semantic compound combining the semantic 'roof (宀)' with the phonetic 'sacrifice (祭)', meaning there is nothing more important to 'observe' during ancestral memorial services than the sacrificial offerings themselves.

232: 實

fruit, seed, real, true

C J K

实実實

shí じつ (jitsu) 실 /sɪl/

宀 8

宀 14

① 实力: shí lì ① 実力: じつりょく ① 實力: 실 력

② 实验: shí yàn ② 実験: じっけん ② 實驗: 실 험

③ 查实: chá shí ③ 実査: じっさ ③ 實査: 실 사

① real ability, true strength, mettle ② test, experiment ③ due diligence

A compound ideogram between 'roof (宀)' and 'pass through (貫)', meaning that the coming plants and trees will soon bear much 'fruit' from having planted many seeds, much like the coins that have been strung together at home.

233: 寫

write, draw, sketch, represent

C J K

写写寫

xiě しゃ (sha) 사 /sʌ/

冖 5

宀 15

① 写真: xiězhēn ① 写真: しゃしん ① 寫眞: 사 진

② 写本: xiě běn ② 写本: しゃほん ② 寫本: 사본

③ 复写: fù xiě ③ 複写: ふくしゃ ③ 複寫: 복 사

① photo, photograph ② manuscript, written copy ③ carbon copy, duplicate

A phono-semantic compound between the semantic 'roof (宀)' and the phonetic 'straw shoes (舄)', originally meaning 'to put things in another place' before coming to mean 'outline' or 'draw'.

234: 寸

small, little, tiny

C J K

寸寸寸

cùn すん (sun) 촌 /tʃ ɔn/

寸 3

① 寸土: cùntǔ ① 寸土: すんど ① 寸土: 촌토

② 寸刻: cùnkè ② 寸刻: すんこく ② 寸刻: 촌각

③ - ③ 寸劇: すんげき ③ 寸劇: 촌극

① an inch of land, tiny piece of land ② moment, second ③ skit, short play

A simple ideogram, originally meaning the width of a finger as it depicts the 'hand (又)' taking the 'pulse (丶)' on the wrist, later coming to mean 'tiny', with reference to the distance between the pulse and the wrist.

235: 寺

temple, monastery

C J K

寺寺寺

sì じ (ji) 사 /sʌ/

寸 6

① 寺院: sì yuàn ① 寺院: じいん ① 寺院: 사 원

② 山寺: shān sì ② 山寺: やまでら ② 山寺: 산 사

③ 佛寺: fó sì ③ 仏寺: ぶつじ ③ 佛寺: 불 사

① temple, church, monastery ② mountain temple ③ Buddhist temple

A phono-semantic compound between the semantic 'hold (止→土)' and the semantic 'hand (又→寸)', originally meaning government office before becoming 'temple' upon the residential uptake there by a monk from India during the Han Dynasty.

236: 射

shoot, eject, emit

C J K

射射射

s[[hè しゃ (sha) 사 /sʌ/

寸 10

① 注射: zhù s[[hè ① 注射: ちゅうしゃ ① 注射: 주 사

② 发射: fās[[hè ② 発射: はっしゃ ② 發射: 발 사

③ 射击: s[[hè jī ③ 射撃: しゃげき ③ 射擊: 사 격

① injection, inoculation ② discharge, launch, fire ③ shooting, discharging, firing

A compound ideogram meaning 'shoot', originally combined with 'bow (弓)' and 'hand (寸)' before the 'body (身)' took the place of 弓.

237: 將

general, admiral, commander

C J K

将将將

jiāng しょう (shou) 장 /dʒʌŋ/

寸 9

寸 10

寸 11

① 将军: jiāng jūn ① 将軍: しょうぐん ① 將軍: 장 군

② 将校: jiàng xiào ② 将校: しょうこう ② 將校: 장 교

③ 将来: jiāng lái ③ 将来: しょうらい ③ 將來: 장래

① general, shogun ② commissioned officer ③ future

A phono-semantic compound meaning 'commander', derived from 'thick sauce (醬)' without the phonetic helper 'vessel (酉)'. The 'hand (寸)' signifies the right to commandeer and lead military troops.

238: 尊

respect, revere, venerate, honor

C J K

尊尊尊

zūn そん (son) 존 /dʒ ɔn/

寸 12

① 尊敬: zūn jìng ① 尊敬: そんけい ① 尊敬: 존 경

② 尊重: zūnzhòng ② 尊重: そんちょう ② 尊重: 존 중

③ 自尊: zì zūn ③ 自尊: じそん ③ 自尊: 자 존

① respect, esteem, honor ② respect, high regard ③ self-respect, self-esteem, pride

A compound ideogram originally depicting a 'wine vessel (酋↔酋)' being carried with two hands (represented now with one 寸) signifying reverence and having the meaning of 'respect'.

239: 對

right, correct, facing

C J K

对対對

duì たい (tai) 대 /de/

寸 5

寸 7

寸 14

① 对话: duìhuà ① 対話: たいわ ① 對話: 대 화

② 对答: duìdá - ② 對答: 대답

③ 对比: duìbǐ ③ 対比: たいひ ③ 對比: 대 비

① dialogue, discussion, conversation, talk ② answer, reply, response ③ contrast, marked against

Compound ideogram of the potentate holding the 'royal scepter (业+⺷)' in his 'hand (寸)' with his vassals 'answering' the didact at the place where it was given. Various etymology.

240: 小

small, little, minor

C J K

小小小

xiǎo しょう (shou) 소 /sɔ/

小 3

① 小儿: xiǎo ér ① 小児: しょうに ① 小兒: 소아

② 小说: xiǎo shuō ② 小説: しょうせつ ② 小說: 소설

③ 小心: xiǎo xīn ④ 小心: しょうしん ④ 小心: 소 심

① young child or children, infant ② novel, fiction ③ careful, mindful ④ timid, cowardly

A pictogram originally depicting three raindrops of equal length in the form of vertical ticks, later coming to mean 'little'.

241: 少

young, junior, small, less

C J K

少少少

shǎo しょう (shou) 소 /sɔ/

小 4

① 最少: zuìshǎo ① 最少: さいしょう ① 最少: 최 소

② 减少: jiǎnshǎo ② 減少: げんしょう ② 減少: 감 소

③ 少校: shàoxiào ③ 少佐: しょうさ ③ 少領: 소령

① minimum, smallest ② reduction, decline ③ major, lieutenant commander

A compound ideogram combining 'slash (丿)' with 'small (小)', originally meaning 'smaller', later coming to mean 'young'.

242: 就

undergo, receive, assume

C J K

就就就

jiù しゅう (shuu) 취 /tʃuɪ/

尢 12

① 就职: jiù zhí ① 就職: しゅうしょく ① 就職: 취직

② 就业: jiù yè ② 就業: しゅうぎょう ② 就業: 취업

③ 成就: c[[héng]]jiù ③ 成就: じょうじゅ ③ 成就: 성취

① take office, find employment ② job, working, employment ③ achievement, fulfillment, completion, realization

A compound ideogram combining 'capital (京)' with 'especially, likely, further (尤)', originally meaning an extraordinary house on an elevated plane, later coming to mean 'go forth'.

243: 尺

rule, yardstick

C J K

尺尺尺

chǐ しゃく (shaku) 척 /tʃ əɡ/

尸 4

① 尺度: chǐdù ① 尺度: しゃくど ① 尺度: 척도

② 曲尺: qūchǐ ② 曲尺: かねじゃく ② 曲尺: 곡척

① yardstick, straight measure, musical scale ② try square, carpenter's square

A pictogram originally depicting a stooped 'person (尸)' and the length between the wrist and the elbow used as a rough unit of measure, later coming to mean 'rule' or 'measuring rod'.

244: 尾

tail, rear, end

C J K

尾尾尾

wěi び (bi) 미 /mɪ/

尸 7

① 尾行: wěi xíng ① 尾行: びこう ① 尾行: 미 행

② 末尾: mòwěi ② 末尾: まつび ② 末尾: 말미

③ 语尾: yǔ wěi ③ 語尾: ごび ③ 語尾: 어 미

① follow, tail, shadow ② end (document, report) ③ end of a word or sentence

A compound ideogram originally depicting a 'person (尸)' with 'fur (毛)' at its rear, not referring to an actual tail but to symbolize the end of something.

245: 局

bureau, office, situation

C J K

局局局

jú きょく (kyoku) 국 /ɡuɡ/

尸 7

① 局面: jú miàn ① 局面: きょくめん ① 局面: 국 면

② 局长: jú zhǎng ② 局長: きょくちょう ② 局長: 국 장

③ 局限: jú xiàn ③ 局限: きょくげん ③ 局限: 국 한

① phase, stage, aspect ② bureau chief, office director ③ limit, demarcate

A compound ideogram combining 'rule (尺)' with 'mouth (口)', meaning 'bureau', but also used as 'government office' for speaking or acting out of the official line landed one in trouble.

246: 居

live, dwell, reside

C J K

居居居

jū きょ (kyo) 거 /ɡə/

尸 8

① 居住: jū zhù ① 居住: きょじゅう ① 居住: 거 주

② 居室: jū shì ② 居室: きょしつ ② 居室: 거 실

③ 同居: tóngjū ③ 同居: どうきょ ③ 同居: 동 거

① live, residence, abode ② living room, room, salon ③ live together, cohabit

A phono-semantic compound between the semantic 'person (尸)' and the phonetic 'old (古)', eventually deriving the meaning that it is to 'live' when one has his legs stretched out.

247: 屋

room, house, shelter

C J K

屋屋屋

wū おく (oku) 옥 /ɔɡ/

尸 9

① 草屋: cǎowū ① 草屋: そうおく ① 草屋: 초옥

② 屋顶: wūdǐng ③ 屋上: おくじょう ③ 屋上: 옥상

④ 同屋: tóngwū ⑤ 社屋: しゃおく ⑤ 社屋: 사옥

① thatched hut ② roof ③ rooftop ④ roommate ⑤ corporate building

A compound ideogram meaning that the place where a 'person (尸)' finally 'reaches' or 'arrives in (至)' is the 'house'.

248: 展

open, unfold, stretch

C J K

展展展

zhǎn てん (ten) 전 /dʒ ən/

尸 10

① 展示: zhǎn shì ① 展示: てんじ ① 展示: 전 시

② 发展: fāzhǎn ② 発展: はってん ② 發展: 발 전

③ 展望: zhǎn wàng ③ 展望: てんぼう ③ 展望: 전 망

① exhibition, display, reveal ② advancement, progress, development ③ outlook, prospects, view

A phono-semantic compound between the semantic 'person (尸)' and the phonetic 'red clothes (㠭+衣)', originally meaning 'roll' or 'recoil', later coming to mean 'spread' or 'open'.

249: 山

mountain, hill, peak

C J K

山山山

shān さん (san) / やま(yama) 산 /sʌn/

山 3

① 山水: shān shuǐ ① 山水: さんすい ① 山水: 산 수

② 登山: dēngshān ② 登山: とざん ② 登山: 등산

③ 山寺: shān sì ③ 山寺: やまでら ③ 山寺: 산 사

① mountains & waters, scenery, landscape ② mountaineering, mountain climbing ③ mountain temple

An old pictogram depicting the actual form of a mountain with three peaks and two troughs, later developing into the current form.

250: 島 (338x)

island

C J K

岛島島

dǎo とう (tou) 도 /dɔ/

山 7

山 11

① 半岛: bàndǎo ① 半島: はんとう ① 半島: 반 도

② 列岛: liè dǎo ② 列島: れっとう ② 列島: 열 도

③ 岛屿: dǎoyǔ ③ 島嶼: とうしょ ③ 島嶼: 도 서

① peninsula, cape ② archipelago, chain of islands ③ islands

A phono-semantic compound between the semantic 'mountain (山)' and the phonetic 'bird (鳥)', meaning the place birds come to rest is a mountain sitting above the waters or 'island'.

251: 崇

honor, revere, respect

C J K

崇崇崇

chóng すう (suu) 숭 /suŋ/

山 11

① 崇拜: chóng bài ① 崇拝: すうはい ① 崇拜: 숭배

② 崇敬: chóng jìng ② 崇敬: すうけい ② 崇敬: 숭경

③ 崇高: chóng gāo ③ 崇高: すうこう ③ 崇高: 숭고

① worship, adoration, admiration ② reverence, respect ③ lofty, nobility

A phono-semantic compound between the semantic 'mountain (山)' and the phonetic 'ancestor (宗)', meaning 'respect', because a lofty mountain imbues a sense of nobility.

252: 川

stream, river, flow

C J K

川川川

chuān せん (sen) 천 /tʃ ən/

川 3

① 河川: héchuān ① 河川: かせん ① 河川: 하 천

② 山川: shānchuān ② 山川: さんせん ② 山川: 산 천

③ 四川: sìchuān ③ 四川: しせん ③ 四川: 사 천

① tributary, watercourse, river ② mountain streams, hills & streams, landscape ③ Sichuan, Szechuan

A pictogram depicting curved lines of water current cutting across a plain with the character coming into the present form only later.

253: 工

work, laborer, craftsman

C J K

工工工

gōng こう (kou) 공 /ɡɔ ŋ/

工 3

① 工场: gōng chǎng ① 工場: こうば ① 工場: 공 장

② 工事: gōng shì ② 工事: こうじ ② 工事: 공 사

③ 工会: gōng huì ④ 工学: こうがく ④ 工學: 공 학

① factory, plant, workshop ② construction work, fortifications ③ labor union ④ engineering, technology

A pictogram depicting a try square or carpenter's square, since the tool was indispensable in wood, stone, and brick work and construction, meaning 'laborer' or 'worker'.

254: 左

left, improper, unorthodox

C J K

左左左

zuǒ さ (sa) 좌 /dʒɒʌ/

工 5

① 左右: zuǒ yòu ① 左右: さゆう ① 左右: 좌우

② 左侧: zuǒcè ② 左側: さそく ② 左側: 좌측

③ 左派: zuǒ pài ③ 左派: さは ③ 左派: 좌파

① left & right, control, influence ② left, left-hand side ③ left wing, the Left

A compound ideogram combining 'left hand (𠂇)' with 'craftsman (工)', meaning the left hand holds an implement while the right holds a hammer for pounding, chiseling.

255: 巨

large, great, enormous

C J K

巨巨巨

jù きょ (kyo) 거 /ɡə/

工 5

① 巨大: jù dà ① 巨大: きょだい ① 巨大: 거 대

② 巨富: jù fù ② 巨富: きょふ ② 巨富: 거 부

③ 巨人: jù rén ③ 巨人: きょじん ③ 巨人: 거 인

① gigantic, enormous, huge ② extreme wealth, great riches ③ giant, great man

A compound ideogram originally depicting a figure holding a try square, later coming to mean 'large'. Later, 矩 was created to mean 'try square'.

256: 己

self, oneself, personal

C J K

己己己

jǐ き (ki)/こ (ko) 기 /ɡɪ/

己 3

① 自己: zì jǐ ① 自己: じこ ① 自己: 자 기

② 利己: lì jǐ ② 利己: りこ ② 利己: 이 기

③ 克己: kè jǐ ③ 克己: こっき ③ 克己: 극 기

① self, oneself ② self-interest, egoism, selfishness ③ self-control, self-res[[traint, self-denial

A pictogram originally depicting a long rope, then used as the sixth of the ten calendar signs before being designated to mean the current definition of 'self'.

257: 已

already, finish, stop

C J K

已已已

yǐ い (i) 이 /ɪ/

己 3

① 已经: yǐjing ① 已に: すでに -

② 已往: yǐ wǎng - ② 已往: 이왕

③ 已婚: yǐ hūn - -

① already, before, too late ② in the past ③ married, in wedlock

A pictogram etymologically derived from 'snake (巳)', later differentiated and designated to mean 'already'. Used in much the same way as 以 (See 027).

258: 市

market, fair, city, town

C J K

市市市

shì し (shi)/いち (ichi) 시 /sɪ/

巾 5

① 市场: shì chǎng ① 市場: いちば ① 市場: 시 장

② 市民: shì mín ② 市民: しみん ② 市民: 시 민

③ 市长: shì zhǎng ③ 市長: しちょう ③ 市長: 시 장

① market, town market ② townspeople, citizen ③ mayor

Either a pictogram of a booth or stand that is pitched at a fair or a compound ideogram, meaning going to the 'market' after dressing up from 'head (亠)' to 'manteau (巾)'.

259: 布

cloth, linen, textile

C J K

布布布

bù ふ (fu) 포 /pɔ/

巾 5

① 分布: fēn bù ① 分布: ぶんぷ ① 分布: 분 포

② 宣布: xuānbù ② 宣布: せんぷ ② 宣布: 선 포

③ 公布: gōng bù ③ 公布: こうふ ③ 公布: 공 포

① distribute, disseminate ② proclaim, declare ③ official proclamation, promulgate, publicly announce

A phono-semantic compound between the semantic 'cloth (巾)' and originally the phonetic 'man of the house (父)', which became 𠂇, meaning 'cloth'.

260: 希

hope, desire, longing

C J K

希希希

xī き (ki) 희 /hɪ/

巾 7

① 希望: xī wàng ① 希望: きぼう ① 希望: 희 망

② 希求: xī qiú ② 希求: ききゅう ② 希求: 희 구

③ 希腊: xī là ③ 希臘: ギリシャ ③ 希臘: 희랍

① hope, anticipation ② aspire, seek, demand ③ Greece, Grecia

A compound ideogram originally between 'divination (爻)' and 'cloth (巾)', meaning fabric woven with yarn was scarce and divine, later coming to mean 'hope'.

261: 師

teacher, master, specialist

C J K

师師師

shī し (shi) 사 /sʌ/

巾 6

巾 10

① 老师: lǎo shī ① 教師: きょうし ① 敎師: 교 사

② 师弟: shī dì ③ 師弟: してい ③ 師弟: 사 제

④ 乐师: yuè shī ④ 楽師: がくし ④ 樂師: 악사

① teacher, tutor, school teacher ② master's apprentice ③ teacher & student, master & apprentice ④ master musician, musician

A compound ideogram originally meaning troops, from 'accumulate or throng (𠂤)' with 'surround (帀)', but later coming to mean 'teacher' or 'one who leads many'.

262: 席

seat, mat

C J K

席席席

xí せき (seki) 석 /səɡ/

巾 10

① 座席: zuò xí ① 座席: ざせき ① 座席: 좌석

② 出席: chū xí ② 出席: しゅっせき ② 出席: 출석

③ 缺席: quēxí ③ 欠席: けっせき ③ 缺席: 결석

① seat ② attendance, appearance, presence ③ absence, non-attendance

A phono-semantic compound between the semantic component 'cloth (巾)' and the modified phonetic component 'throng (庶)', meaning 'mat'.

263: 常

common, normal, regular, often

C J K

常常常

cháng じょう (jou) 상 /sʌ ŋ/

巾 11

① 常识: chángshí ① 常識: じょうしき ① 常識: 상 식

② 常套: chángtào ③ 常道: じょうどう ③ 常道: 상 도

④ 常住: chángzhù ④ 常住: じょうじゅう ④ 常住: 상 주

① common sense, prudence ② conventional, common place ③ common practice, universal rule, normal way, beaten track ④ permanent residence, usual

A phono-semantic compound between the semantic 'cloth (巾)' and the phonetic 'still, yet (尚 ↔ 尙)', originally meaning a long banner, later coming to mean 'often'.

264: 平

flat, level, even

C J K

平平平

píng へい (hei) 평 /pyə ŋ/

干 5

① 平壤: píng rǎng ① 平壌: へいじょう ① 平壤: 평양

② 平常: píngcháng ② 平常: へいじょう ② 平常: 평 상

③ 平和: píng hé ③ 平和: へいわ ③ 平和: 평 화

① Pyongyang, capital of DPRK ② commonly, usually, normally ③ peace, placid

A pictogram depicting breath vapor emitting evenly, meaning 'level'.

265: 年

year, annum

C J K

年年年

nián ねん (nen)/とし (tosi) 년/연 /nyən//yən/

干 6

① 年金: niánjīn ① 年金: ねんきん ① 年金: 연금

② 年会: niánhuì ② 年会: ねんかい ② 年會: 연회

③ 年纪: niánjì ④ 年上: としうえ ④ 年上: 연상

① pension, annuity ② annual meeting ③ age ④ older, senior

A phono-semantic compound originally combined with 'rice stalk (禾)' being carried by a 'person (人)' for harvest, meaning 'bumper crop', later modified and coming to mean 'year'.

266: 幸

luckily, fortunately, auspiciously

C J K

幸幸幸

xìng こう (kou) 행 /heŋ/

干 8

① 幸亏: xìngkuī ① 多幸: たこう ① 多幸: 다 행

② 幸福: xìng fú ② 幸福: こうふく ② 幸福: 행 복

③ 幸运: xìng yùn ③ 幸運 :こううん ③ 幸運: 행운

① luckily, happily, fortunately ② happiness, contentment ③ good luck, godsend

A compound ideogram between 'premature death (夭)' and 'contrary (屰)', meaning it is 'fortunate' not to die young.

267: 幼

young, tender, delicate

C J K

幼幼幼

yòu よう (you) 유 /yu/

幺 5

① 幼儿: yòuér ① 幼児: ようじ ① 幼兒: 유아

② 幼稚: yòuzhì ② 幼稚: ようち ② 幼稚: 유 치

③ 长幼: zhǎng yòu ③ 長幼: ちょうよう ③ 長幼: 장 유

① infant, small child ② childish, immature, infantile ③ the old & the young

A phono-semantic compound between the phonetic 'small (幺)' and the semantic 'strength (力)', meaning 'young' because a child has little strength.

268: 序

series, serial order, sequence

C J K

序序序

xù じょ (jo) 서 /sə/

广 7

① 序文: xù wén ① 序文: じょぶん ① 序文: 서 문

② 序列: xù liè ② 序列: じょれつ ② 序列: 서 열

③ 秩序: zhì xù ③ 秩序: ちつじょ ③ 秩序: 질 서

① preface, foreword, preamble ② rank, hierarchy, formation ③ order, system, method

A phono-semantic compound between the semantic 'shelter (广)' and phonetic 'cord (予)', originally meaning division between the different quarters of a house separated by earthen walls, later coming to mean 'order'.

269: 店

shop, store, concern

C J K

店店店

diàn てん (ten) 점 /dʒ əm/

广 8

① 商店: shāng diàn ① 商店: しょうてん ① 商店: 상 점

② 露店: lùdiàn ② 露店: ろてん ② 露店: 노 점

③ 卖店: màidiàn ③ 売店: ばいてん ③ 賣店: 매 점

① store, shop ② street stall, kiosk ③ stand, shop

A phono-semantic compound between the semantic 'shelter (广)' and phonetic 'divination (占)', meaning 'store' or 'shop'. 店 comes from 坫, meaning 'stuff' kept in home.

270: 度

system, degree, manner

C J K

度度度

dù ど (do) 도 /dɔ/

广 9

① 制度: zhìdù ① 制度: せいど ① 制度: 제 도

② 速度: sùdù ② 速度: そくど ② 速度: 속 도

③ 态度: tàidu ③ 態度: たいど ③ 態度: 태도

① system, framework ② velocity, rate, speed ③ attitude, behavior

A compound ideogram combining 'throng (庶)' with 'hand (又)', meaning the 'system' that governs many.

271: 庭

courtyard, hall, yard, garden

C J K

庭庭庭

tíng てい (tei) 정 /dʒ ə ŋ/

广 10

① 庭园: tíng yuán ① 庭園: ていえん ① 庭園: 정 원

② 家庭: jiā tíng ② 家庭: かてい ② 家庭: 가 정

③ 法庭: fǎtíng ③ 法廷: ほうてい ③ 法庭: 법정

① garden, park ② family, household ③ court, tribunal

A phono-semantic compound between 'shelter (广)' and 'royal court (廷)', having the meaning of the 'courtyard' where the affairs of state were heard, later coming to mean 'garden' or 'yard'.

272: 廣

broad, wide, extensive

C J K

广広廣

guǎng こう (kou)/ひろ (hiro) 광 /ɡɒʌ ŋ/

广 3

广 5

广 15

① 广大: guǎngdà ① 広大: こうだい ① 廣大: 광 대

② 广场: guǎngchǎng ② 広場: ひろば ② 廣場: 광 장

③ 广告: guǎnggào ③ 広告: こうこく ③ 廣告: 광 고

① vast, immense, extensive ② public square, plaza ③ advertisement, propaganda

A phono-semantic compound between the semantic 'shelter (广)' and the phonetic 'yellow (黃)', meaning a house is 'spacious'.

273: 建

build, stand, establish, erect, found

C J K

建建建

jiàn けん (ken) 건 /ɡən/

廴 9

① 建物: jiàn wù ① 建物: たてもの ① 建物: 건물

② 建设: jiàn s[[hè ② 建設: けんせつ ② 建設: 건설

③ 封建: fēng jiàn ③ 封建: ほうけん ③ 封建: 봉건

① building, edifice ② build, establish, construct ③ feudalism, enfeoff

A compound ideogram combining 'brush (聿)' with 'long stride (廴)', originally meaning 'make law', but later coming to mean 'build'.

274: 式

style, system, formula, rule

C J K

式式式

shì しき (shiki) 식 /sɪɡ/

弋 6

① 方式: fāngshì ① 方式: ほうしき ① 方式: 방 식

② 正式: zhèng shì ② 正式: せいしき ② 正式: 정 식

③ 仪式: yí shì ③ 儀式: ぎしき ③ 儀式: 의 식

① approach, method, process ② formal, official, proper ③ ritual, rite, ceremony

A phono-semantic compound between the semantic and phonetic component 'strung bow (弋)' and 'craftsman (工)', meaning that 'general rules and standard practices' are observed in the creation and construction of all things.

275: 弓

bow, bend, arched

C J K

弓弓弓

gōng きゅう (kyuu)/ゆみ (yumi) 궁 /ɡuŋ/

弓 3

① 弓箭: gōng jiàn ① 弓箭: きゅうせん ① 弓箭: 궁 전

② 弓腰: gōng yāo ② 弓腰: ゆみごし ② 弓腰: 궁요

④ 弓偏: gōngpiān ③ 弓術: きゅうじゅつ ③ 弓術: 궁 술

① bow & arrow, war ② to bow, bend over ③ archery, bowmanship ④ preference, partiality

A pictogram depicting a composite 'bow', only later adopting the current form of the character.

276: 引

pull, draw, stretch

C J K

引引引

yǐn いん (in) / ひ (bi) 인 /ɪn/

弓 4

① 引导: yǐndǎo ① 引導: いんどう ① 引導: 인 도

② 引用: yǐnyòng ② 引用: いんよう ② 引用: 인 용

③ 诱引: yòuyǐn ④ 引き受け: ひきうけ ④ 引受: 인 수

① guide, lead ② citation, reference, quotation ③ entice, induce, allure ④ take over, acquire, acceptance

A compound ideogram of a composite bow that has been strung by 'pulling', combined with 'bow (弓)' and 'bore (丨)'.

277: 弱

weak, fragile, delicate

C J K

弱弱弱

ruò じゃく (jaku) 약 /yʌɡ/

弓 10

① 虚弱: xūruò ① 虚弱: きょじゃく ① 虛弱: 허약

② 老弱: lǎoruò ② 老弱: ろうじゃく ② 老弱: 노약

③ 懦弱: nuòruò ③ 懦弱: だじゃく ③ 懦弱: 나약

① feeble, frail ② senescence, old & delicate ③ cowardly, gutless, feeble-minded

Etymology uncertain. Either a simple or a compound ideogram that combines two 'bows (弓弓)' with 'feathers (羽)', meaning 'fragile' because something weak cannot stand alone.

278: 強

strong, sturdy, powerful, energetic

C J K

强強强

qiáng きょう (kyou) / ごう (gou) 강 /ɡʌŋ/

弓 12

弓 11

弓 12

① 强调: qiángdiào ① 強調: きょうちょう ① 强調: 강 조

② 强制: qiángzhì ② 強制: きょうせい ② 强制: 강 제

③ 强奸: qiángjiān ③ 強姦: ごうかん ③ 强姦: 강 간

① emphasize, stress, high light ② compel, force, urge ③ rape, violation

A phono-semantic compound between 'expansive (弘)' and 'pest (虫)', originally meaning 'snout beetle' destructive to rice grains, but later coming to mean 'powerful'.

279: 弟

younger brother, junior

C J K

弟弟弟

dì てい (tei) 제 /dʒe/

弓 7

① 兄弟: xiōng dì ② 兄弟: けいてい ② 兄弟: 형 제

③ 师弟: shī dì ③ 師弟: してい ③ 師弟: 사 제

④ 弟子: dì zǐ ④ 弟子: ていし ④ 弟子: 제 자

① brother, brethren ② brothers, siblings, brothers & sisters ③ master & apprentice, teacher & student ④ pupil, apprentice, disciple

A pictogram depicting a bow and the shaft of an arrow with its nock slung on the bowstring, originally meaning there is order in slinging the bowstring, later coming to mean, 'younger brother'. 第 came to take the place of 弟 for order or sequence.

280: 形

form, shape, appearance

C J K

形形形

xíng けい (kei) 형 /hyə ŋ/

彡 7

① 人形: rén xíng ② 人形: にんぎょう ② 人形: 인 형

③ 形式: xíng shì ③ 形式: けいしき ③ 形式: 형 식

④ 形象: xíng xiàng ④ 形象: けいしょう ④ 形象: 형 상

① human form ② doll, puppet ③ form, formality, format, style ④ shape, form, image

A phono-semantic compound between the phonetic 'two objects of identical height (开)' and the semantic 'feathers (彡)', meaning the 'form' or 'contours' of some object is an amalgamation or a combination of the two.

281: 彼

this, that, there, those

C J K

彼彼彼

bǐ ひ (hi)/あれ (are) 피 /pɪ/

彳 8

① 彼此: bǐcǐ ① 彼此: あれこれ ① 彼此: 피 차

② 彼: bǐ ③ 彼方: あっち ④ 於此彼: 어 차 피

① this & that, both sides ② this ③ that way ④ in any case

A phono-semantic compound between the semantic 'small step (彳)' and the phonetic untanned animal 'hide (皮)', coming to mean 'over there'.

282: 往

go, depart, past, formerly

C J K

往往往

wǎng おう (ou) 왕 /ɒʌŋ/

彳 8

① 往返: wǎngfǎn ① 往復: おうふく ① 往復: 왕복

② 来往: láiwǎng ② 往来: おうらい ② 往來: 왕래

③ 往年: wǎngnián ③ 往年: おうねん ③ 往年: 왕년

① there & back, round trip ② coming & going, visitations, traffic ③ previous (masterful) years, former (glory) days

A phono-semantic compound between the semantic 'small step (彳)' and the phonetic 'master (主)', meaning 'go'. One etymology of 主 is 㞷, where 'stop (止)' and 'earth (土)' carries the meaning of 'stepping on the ground'.

283: 待

receive, wait, await

C J K

待待待

dāi たい (tai) 대 /de/

彳 9

① 待机: dài jī ① 待機: たいき ① 待機: 대 기

② 招待: zhāodài ② 招待: しょうたい ② 招待: 초대

③ 虐待: nüèdài ③ 虐待: ぎゃくたい ③ 虐待: 학 대

① standby, wait ② invitation, solicitation ③ abuse, mistreatment, cruelty

A phono-semantic compound between the semantic 'small step (彳)' and the phonetic 'government office (寺)', meaning 'wait'.

284: 律

statute, principle, regulation

C J K

律律律

lǜ りつ (ritsu) 률/율 /ryul//yul/

彳 9

① 法律: fǎlǜ ① 法律: ほうりつ ① 法律: 법율

② 自律: zìlǜ ② 自律: じりつ ② 自律: 자율

③ 律师: lǜshī ④ 規律: きりつ ④ 規律: 규율

① law, statutes ② autonomy, self-regulated, self-determined ③ lawyer, advocate ④ order, observance

A phono-semantic compound combining the semantic 'small step (彳)' with the phonetic 'writing brush (聿)', meaning promulgate the written 'laws' far and wide for them to be abided by all.

285: 後

behind, rear, afterwards

C J K

后後後

hòu こう (kou) 후 /hu/

口 6

彳 9

① 前后: qián hòu ① 前後: ぜんご ① 前後: 전 후

② 后援: hòu yuán ② 後援: こうえん ② 後援: 후 원

③ 后悔: hòu huǐ ③ 後悔: こうかい ③ 後悔: 후 회

① before & after, front & rear ② sponsor, patron, reinforcement ③ regret, compunction

A compound ideogram combining 'small step (⼻)' with 'tiny (幺)' and 'going slowly (夂)', meaning 'behind'.

286: 徒

crowd, throng, mob, follower

C J K

徒徒徒

tú と (to) 도 /dɔ/

彳 10

① 信徒: xìn tú ① 信徒: しんと ① 信徒: 신 도

② 徒步: tú bù ② 徒歩: とほ ② 徒步: 도 보

③ 暴徒: bào tú ③ 暴徒: ぼうと ③ 暴徒: 폭 도

① adherent, laity ② afoot, pedestrianism ③ mob, rioters, insurgents

A phono-semantic compound combining the semantic 'small step (彳)' and 'walk slowly (辵→辶+止)' with the phonetic 'earth (土)', originally meaning 'walking on dirt', later coming to mean 'throng'.

287: 得

obtain, get, gain, acquire

C J K

得得得

dé とく (toku) 득 /dɜɡ/

彳 11

① 利得: lìdé ① 利得: りとく ① 利得: 이득

② 所得: suǒdé ② 所得: しょとく ② 所得: 소득

③ 心得: xīndé ④ 説得: せっとく ④ 說得: 설득

① gain, profit, benefit ② income, earnings ③ hunch, impression, premonition ④ persuade, convince

A compound ideogram meaning to 'pick up' or 'gain' 'money (見→旦)' with outstretched 'hands (寸)' after having taken 'small steps (彳)'.

288: 從

follow, attend, obey

C J K

从従從

cóng じゅう (juu) 종 /dʒ ɔ ŋ/

人 4

彳 10

彳 11

① 从事: cóngshì ① 従事: じゅうじ ① 從事: 종 사

② 顺从: shùncóng ② 従順: じゅうじゅん ② 順從: 순 종

③ 屈从: qūcóng ③ 屈従: くつじゅう ③ 屈從: 굴종

① undertake, pursue, engage ② obey, heed ③ acquiescent, obsequious

A compound ideogram originally of two identical figures with one following after the other, meaning 'attend', with 'small step (彳)' and 'stop (止)' added later to differentiate with 'compare (比)'.

289: 德

ethics, morality, virtue

C J K

德徳德

dé とく (toku) 덕 /dəɡ/

彳 15

彳 14

彳 15

① 道德: dàodé ① 道徳: どうとく ① 道德: 도덕

② 德性: déxing ② 徳性: とくせい ② 德性: 덕성

③ 德国: déguó ④ 悪徳: あくとく ④ 惡德: 악덕

① morals, morality, ethics ② virtue, moral fiber ③ Germany, FRG ④ vice, immorality

Originally a compound ideogram with 'straight (直)' and 'heart & soul (心)' to produce 悳, later becoming a phono-semantic compound by adding 'small step (彳)', meaning 'decent'.

290: 心

heart, mind, soul

C J K

心心心

xīn しん (shin)/こころ (kokoro) 심 /sɪm/

心 4

① 心脏: xīn zàng ① 心臓: しんぞう ① 心臟: 심 장

② 真心: zhēn xīn ② 真心: まごころ ② 眞心: 진 심

③ 贪心: tānxīn ③ 欲心: よくしん ③ 慾心: 욕심

① heart, cardiac ② genuine, true ③ greed, avarice

A pictogram originally depicting a form closer to an actual heart, now rendered as 心 when written alone, 忄 when at left, and ⺗ when at bottom, all meaning 'heart'.

291: 必

must, surely, certainly, absolutely

C J K

必必必

bì ひつ (hitsu) 필 /pɪl/

心 5

① 必须: bì xū ① 必須: ひっす ① 必須: 필 수

② 必要: bì yào ② 必要: ひつよう ② 必要: 필요

③ 必然: bìrán ③ 必然: ひつぜん ③ 必然: 필연

① a must, indispensable ② a need, requirement ③ inevitable, necessary, without doubt, certain

Either a compound ideogram or a phono-semantic compound between a 'staff (弋)' and 'divide (八)', meaning that a whip or a club is 'surely' needed when herding cattle.

292: 忍

brave, weather, face

C J K

忍忍忍

rěn にん (nin) 인 /ɪn/

心 7

① 忍耐: rěnnài ① 忍耐: にんたい ① 忍耐: 인내

② 残忍: cánrěn ② 残忍: ざんにん ② 殘忍: 잔인

③ 容忍: róngrěn - -

① perseverance, patience ② brutality, cruelty ③ bear, tolerate

A phono-semantic compound between the phonetic 'blade (刃)' and the semantic 'heart (心)', meaning 'endure' even to the point of being stabbed with a knife.

293: 志

will, drive, conviction

C J K

志志志

zhì し (shi) 지 /dʒ ɪ/

心 7

① 意志: yì zhì ① 意志: いし ① 意志: 의 지

② 志愿: zhì yuàn ② 志願: しがん ② 志願: 지 원

③ 同志: tóngzhì ③ 同志: どうし ③ 同志: 동 지

① determination, volition ② aim, dream, aspiration ③ confidant, compatriot, comrade

A phono-semantic compound between the phonetic 'go (之→士)' and the semantic 'heart (心)', meaning that 'will' is where the heart is. The adoption of 'scholar (士)' has another interpretation: that of the 'heart and soul of a scholar'.

294: 忘

forget, miss, omit

C J K

忘忘忘

wàng ぼう (bou) 망 /mʌŋ/

心 7

① 忘却: wàngquè ① 忘却: ぼうきゃく ① 忘却: 망 각

② 忘年: wàngnián ② 忘年: ぼうねん ② 忘年: 망년

① absentmindedness, forgetfulness, oblivion, lapse of memory ② year end, year gone by

A phono-semantic compound between the semantic 'heart (心)' and the phonetic 'perish (亡)', meaning 'forget'.

295: 忙 (430x)

busy, hustling

C J K

忙忙忙

máng ぼう (bou) 망 /mʌŋ/

忄 6

① 多忙: duō máng ① 多忙: たぼう ① 多忙: 다 망

② 忙中: mángzhōng ② 忙中: ぼうちゅう ② 忙中: 망 중

① very busy, pressures of work ② busyness

A phono-semantic compound between 'heart & soul (忄)' and 'perish (亡)', meaning one is so 'busy' as to lose his mind.

296: 忠 (339x)

loyalty, integrity, fidelity

C J K

忠忠忠

zhōng ちゅう (chuu) 충 /tʃuŋ/

心 8

① 忠实: zhōng shí ① 忠実: ちゅうじつ ① 忠實: 충 실

② 忠诚: zhōng c[[héng]] ② 忠誠: ちゅうせい ② 忠誠: 충 성

③ 忠告: zhōng gào ③ 忠告: ちゅうこく ③ 忠告: 충 고

① faithful, devoted ② loyalty, allegiance ③ cautioning, warning, advisory

A phono-semantic compound between the semantic 'heart (㣺)' and phonetic 'middle (中)', meaning 'loyalty' comes from a true and uncorrupted heart.

297: 快 (1295x)

happy, pleasure, fast, rapid

C J K

快快快

kuài かい (kai) 쾌 /kɒe/

忄 7

① 爽快: shuǎngkuai ① 爽快: そうかい ① 爽快: 상 쾌

② 不快: bú kuài ② 不快: ふかい ② 不快: 불 쾌

③ 快速: kuài sù ③ 快速: かいそく ③ 快速: 쾌 속

① uplifting, refreshing, exhilarating ② unpleasant, discomfort ③ high-speed, rapid

A phono-semantic compound that combines the semantic 'heart (忄)' with the phonetic 'horn ring (夬)' used in archery, meaning it is 'exhilarating' when the arrow is released and leaves the thumb.

298: 念 (3997x)

think, think of

C J K

念念念

niàn ねん (nen) 념/염 /nyəm//yəm/

心 8

① 概念: gàiniàn ① 概念: がいねん ① 槪念: 개 념

② 理念: lǐ niàn ② 理念: りねん ② 理念: 이 념

③ 信念: xìn niàn ③ 信念: しんねん ③ 信念: 신 념

① concept, idea, notion ② ideal, principle, ideology ③ belief, faith, conviction

A phono-semantic compound between the phonetic 'now (今)' and the semantic 'heart (㣺)', meaning that 'thoughts' are the result of what's in the heart at that very moment.

299: 怒 (606x)

anger, rage, fury

C J K

怒怒怒

nù ど (do) 노 /nɔ/

心 9

① 忿怒: fènnù ① 忿怒: ふんど ① 忿怒: 분 노

② 愤怒: fènnù ② 憤怒: ふんど ② 憤怒: 분 노

③ 激怒: jīnù ③ 激怒: げきど ③ 激怒: 격 노

① anger, resentment ② anger, rage ③ rage, infuriate, exasperate

A phono-semantic compound between the the phonetic 'slave (奴)' and the semantic 'heart (㣺)', meaning slaves are 'incensed' for having to constantly live under the whip. 奴 is a convicted woman put to slave labor for having committed a crime.

300: 思 (3562x)

think, consider, ponder

C J K

思思思

sī し (shi) 사 /sʌ/

心 9

① 思考: sī kǎo ① 思考: しこう ① 思考: 사 고

② 思想: sī xiǎng ② 思想: しそう ② 思想: 사 상

③ 意思: yìsi ③ 意思: いし ③ 意思: 의 사

① think, thinking, reflection, consideration ② thought, idea, ideology ③ aims, motive, intention

A compound ideogram combining 'heart (㣺)' with 'vertex (囟→田)', meaning 'think'. Originally, 'crown 囟' of the head was used before 'rice field 田' was adopted.

301: 急

quick, urgent, pressed, driven

C J K

急急急

jí きゅう (kyuu) 급 /ɡɜb/

心 9

① 应急: yìngjí ① 応急: おうきゅう ① 應急: 응급

② 紧急: jǐn jí ② 緊急: きんきゅう ② 緊急: 긴급

③ 急行: jí xíng ④ 急所: きゅうしょ ④ 急所: 급 소

① urgent, emergency, first-aid ② urgent, pressing, immediate ③ hasten, express ④ vital part, main point, chakra, meridian

A phono-semantic compound between the semantic 'heart (㣺)' and the phonetic 'reach (及→刍)'. Originally meaning 'small clothes', it came to mean the heart (心) was 'anxious' from being followed (及).

302: 性

nature, gender, disposition

C J K

性性性

xìng せい (sei) 성 /sə ŋ/

忄 8

① 性格: xìng gé ① 性格: せいかく ① 性格: 성 격

② 灵性: líng xìng ② 霊性: れいせい ② 靈性: 영 성

③ 人性: rénxing ③ 人性: じんせい ③ 人性: 인 성

① character, disposition, temperament ② divine nature, spirituality, divinity ③ human nature, instinct, humanity

A phono-semantic compound between the semantic 'heart (忄)' and the phonetic 'life (生)', meaning the soul (心) is what one is born with at the beginning of life.

303: 怨

hatred, enmity, resentment

C J K

怨怨怨

yuàn えん (en) 원 /uən/

心 9

① 抱怨: bào yuàn ① 怨恨: えんこん ① 怨恨: 원 한

② 结怨: jié yuàn ② 怨讐: おんしゅう ② 怨讐: 원 수

③ 怨声: yuànshēng ③ 怨声: えんせい ③ 怨聲: 원 성

① bitterness, animosity, hatred, malice ② foe, adversary, enemy ③ grievance, protest, criticism